The Minutes
Andrej Karpathy

Andrej Karpathy

Founder, Eureka Labs; former OpenAI and Tesla

2 appearances · 0 quotes · 9 posts · Latest record 25 Aug 2026

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459 entries

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  1. X replyX
    Replying to Lisan al Gaib

    GPT-6.1-Sol reasoning traces totally legible, nothing to worry about https://t.co/GP3eAL0d20

    Open referenced post ↗

    @scaling01 Yeah I’d say the RL is working now all right https://t.co/9VGtttWclb

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  2. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    Judging by my tl there is a growing gap in understanding of AI capability. The first issue I think is around recency and tier of use. I think a lot of people tried the free tier of ChatGPT somewhere last year and allowed it to inform their views on AI a little too much. This is https://t.co/Kx1EwuAYmt

    Open referenced post ↗

    Dusting off this tweet from April because this gap in shared understanding of LLM capability is *widening*. It's now less "two groups of people speaking past each other" and more a sharp funnel. - Napkin math somewhere around 6B people (~75% of the population) have barely come https://t.co/79xGhQdf1n

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  3. X replyX
    Replying to Joe Weisenthal

    Yeah I should have paid closer attention https://t.co/P1qTd1Xn3L https://t.co/ufIEk2qoji

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    @TheStalwart I had some amount of journalistic inbound way back as a PhD student but the only person I consistently replied to was Jack because he actually put in effort, read academic papers and asked good technical questions and I have not really seen that before (or since). https://t.co/41PtZcyUyX

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  4. X replyX
    Replying to elvis

    50K likes on this!? Most of what Karpthy has shared is things we have been doing for over a year. No surprises, as many replies are highlighting. But I still think this raises an interesting discussion. Is there a universal interface/langauge that allows more seamless https://t.co/oAaebQpsVe https://t.co/0Z1c65uyW4

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    @omarsar0 My mental model for what is happening is that 99%+ of people who are now paying attention have been onboarded to anything related to AI in <1 year. This is very confusing to the AI dinosaurs (anyone in AI for pre 2026. Or even, gasp, pre 2012).

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  5. X replyX
    Replying to Clifford Richardson

    I did not have "Karpathy becoming an aggregator of techniques seen on Twitter half a year ago" on my bingo card. What happened, he used to be literally the edge. https://t.co/Zlk1kLC7Gn

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    @CorvusCrypto Extremely sorry to disappoint Clifford

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  6. X replyX
    Replying to Frank Chen

    @karpathy so the llm actually understand image?

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    @francchen Worth emphasizing that this all comes from just reading a ton of text and then predicting text. There are no images involved except the way you arrange the text responses in 2D.

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  7. X quote postX
    Quoting Celeste

    results for all claudes https://t.co/bS5jvCC2YJ

    Open referenced post ↗

    Cool eval. Simply ask an LLM “Land or Water?” and give it a latitude and longitude coordinate as text. Ask 16,200 times, plot as image. The models know. From compressing the internet. https://t.co/jTTAhBsMfu

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  8. X replyX
    Replying to Atelier Missor

    The statue of Prometheus is finally finished. It was cast in Paris, crossed the Atlantic, and was assembled at Starbase. It took us 100 days to go from nothing to this. People of the West, we have lived through an era devoid of dreams, devoid of destiny. But the time has come https://t.co/JkQbTGV1My

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    @AtelierMissor_ Looks incredible!!!

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  9. X postX

    We'll be spending a lot more time trying to understand the outputs of language models. A few thoughts, tips & tricks: Writing. Something I've had success with: Ask your LLM to explain something in ASD-STE100, it's a controlled language specification originally developed for https://t.co/uMFWTcBCsl

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  10. X replyX
    Replying to Armin Ronacher ⇌

    I’m really curious who in our industry will embrace the Super Intelligence thing.

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    @mitsuhiko It's basically ~standard terminology though? We've been talking about how AGI ("Artificial General Intelligence") would lead to ASI ("Artificial Super Intelligence") for a decade. Just drop the Artificial ("redundant, cleaner") and you're there :)

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  11. X replyX
    Replying to Alex Albert

    I've been on a Blender kick with Opus 5.5. Its better 3D modeling and vision mean you can build an entire world from a single prompt. Historically accurate San Francisco Market street in 1906, pre-earthquake https://t.co/aisvFLFGy3

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    @alexalbert__ I love this class of image -> GTA ieas. Imagine taking arbitrary images/videos (e.g this famous historical one from 1906 SF) and use them to build full-fledged custom GTAs, then drop into the world, move around, etc.

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  12. X replyX
    Replying to will depue

    i've been surprised at the response to Jev, but it makes sense in retrospect. sure it's just a classifier but it's a zero shot classifier with frontier-ish intelligence. i'm surprised someone hadn't built it before. i wonder what other old ML ideas are also worth rescuing

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    @willdepue I see it as a point on the LLM pareto optimal curve in a regime that had a large revealed latent demand (no thinking, single token, low latency acceptable intelligence) that was under-invested into because of a race to higher intelligence.

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  13. X replyX
    Replying to Max Leiter

    I won’t start WoW Forever. I won’t start WoW Forever. I won’t start WoW Forever. https://t.co/BgvbsIyGlQ

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    @maxleiter So ready to do my part in pacing the frontier 🫡 :D

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  14. X replyX
    Replying to Mr. Rc

    reading a blog by karpathy written in 2015 about RNNs where he was experimenting with generating linux source code https://t.co/P1qqh2P6xL

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    @rcx86 If only I had thought to train it on StackOverflow instead I think it would have clicked for me that LLMs can be promptable, general purpose Q&A engines. Ah well.

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  15. X quote postX
    Quoting Dario Amodei

    We Must Pace the Frontier: I’ve written a new essay on why the AI industry should slow down, with a three-part plan for doing so. Anthropic is unilaterally committing to the first of these steps. We’ll provide third-party evaluators with permanent, employee-level access to our

    Open referenced post ↗

    I love this and really hope we can come together as an industry and make it happen. https://t.co/lz2vjjJ5XD https://t.co/jF2vhYXlAF

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  16. X replyX
    Replying to Rik Arends

    @karpathy Thanks! It's definitely a trip to see it at 8k resolution (i have a 57" samsung). I'm just AI-accel building everything i ever wanted. And this was one of the things.

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    @rikarends I feel like it should be 3D? Or even in 2D, you’d think it could be more modules of code somehow clustered in space, with insides showing private data/code vs boundaries depicting public interfaces connecting to call sites… collaborators zooming around and casting diffs.

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  17. X replyX
    Replying to Rik Arends

    Ironed out the last performance issues with my full 2.5m line codebase explorer. 120hz awesomeness. Can only upload 60fps video tho. Much nicer uncompressed https://t.co/LUsrmVaI6L

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rikarends Very cool! I always imagined big software engineering projects (Linux etc) as digital megastructures, the deceiving thing is that you can’t see them and when you walk around an office the scene is a bit derpy, like a scatter of people staring at screens and pressing buttons.

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  18. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @ChrisJMcCormick Yeah, increasingly a lot more appealing to tear down these abstractions now that agents can do a lot of the math and drudgery and verification. A lot of the abstractions were built for a world with constraints of finite intelligence and attention in the industry.

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    @ChrisJMcCormick The extrapolation is that your spec is something like microgpt (scalar valued python with for loops etc), everything else is just a matter of compilation and PyTorch etc is kind of a crappy IR

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  19. X replyX
    Replying to Chris McCormick

    I've started writing my model code as a single, compilable `forward_backward` function: 1 - No more autograd. The backward math is written out, same as forward. 2 - No torch.nn module abstractions, just matrices and math. (Glorious!) 3 - Attach a `.gacc` to each parameter to https://t.co/tk4ihM550a

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    @ChrisJMcCormick Yeah, increasingly a lot more appealing to tear down these abstractions now that agents can do a lot of the math and drudgery and verification. A lot of the abstractions were built for a world with constraints of finite intelligence and attention in the industry.

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  20. Quoted in printX (formerly Twitter)

    “ here's his lessons: 10% → LLM: I treat GPT as a general-purpose computer that can be reprogrammed at”

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    codila (@0xCodila) on X · https://x.com/0xCodila

  21. X replyX
    Replying to Jack Rae

    My expectation is that we'll continue to pack an increasing amount of intelligence into models that run on consumer hardware. But the hybrid setup — a larger cloud model for "executive intelligence" + a smaller local model for privacy/latency-sensitive tasks — is very appealing.

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    @jack_w_rae It’s going to feel so weird that historically you couldn’t just talk to your computer like you’d talk to any other person

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  22. Quoted in printeu.36kr.com

    “ (he estimates that 1 to 2 billion parameters are enough) plus a set of structured external memory that can compound growth on its own. Based on this idea, he released a pattern called ”

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    More context

    Karpathy Predicts 10 More Years for AGI: The AI Development Path Is Already Crowded With Competing Innovators

  23. Quoted in printkucoin.com

    “ (which he estimates needs only one or two billion parameters) paired with a structured external memory system capable of self-reinforcing growth. Following this idea, he released a model called ”

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    Andrej Karpathy predicts 10 years for LLMs to achieve continual learning

  24. Quoted in printkucoin.com

    “Current large models lack continuous learning. You can’t tell them something and expect them to remember.”

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    More context

    Andrej Karpathy predicts 10 years for LLMs to achieve continual learning

  25. Quoted in printeu.36kr.com

    “have no continual learning. You can't tell it one thing and expect it to remember.”

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    More context

    Karpathy Predicts 10 More Years for AGI: The AI Development Path Is Already Crowded With Competing Innovators

  26. Quoted in printBloss0m

    “I feel like when I’m awake, I’m building up a context window of stuff that’s happening during the day. But when I go to sleep, something magical happens… a process of distillation into the weights of my brain. We don’t have an equivalent of that in LLMs. When you boot them up, they have zero tokens in the window. They’re always restarting from scratch.”

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    Andrej Karpathy Just Fixed Claude Code's Biggest Weakness: Letting AI "Dream" · Bloss0m

  27. X replyX
    Replying to Chris

    I took Karpathy’s experiment and pushed it into Star Wars. I gave Opus 5 Max the opening scene of A New Hope, it formulated and made every single Star Wars SVG, and recreated the entire sequence in Three.js as LEGO. (Including all editing, voices, etc) It worked for 8 hours https://t.co/xwWewAkAee https://t.co/OGHF4sDHt9

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ChrisGPT wow, that was really good!

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  28. X replyX
    Replying to Three.js

    @karpathy We need to teach the AI to use instanced meshes whenever possible... 👀

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    @threejs I was curious and gave your feedback to Opus. TIL! https://t.co/t5HvyZsBlh

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  29. X replyX
    Replying to Matt Beton

    I built a 50k parameter language model to run on an 8-bit 6502 processor from 1975. It learnt to spell words and construct basic grammar! The model is build on a Mamba backbone (attention’s KV cache not fit in 32KB of memory) with a character-level tokenizer. The MOS-6502 https://t.co/8CrrcvsHZo

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    @MattBeton so fun! :) at some point i wonder if ngram (tables) or even something like decision trees start to give superior log probs, and at much smaller program lengths overall (sum of program + weights). i.e. what is the best val loss model overall, for 25KB of user space. fun q!

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  30. X replyX
    Replying to Roope Rainisto

    @karpathy @DavidmComfort Feeding this as a reference video for Seedance would be interesting - to have it render it out in higher fidelity

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    @rainisto @DavidmComfort agree!! i quite like the idea of procedural code for storyboarding and control, and then video to video models for texturing and looksmaxxing.

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  31. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    We're starting to leave the territory where you'd test an LLM by e.g. "create an svg of pelican on a bicycle". As one idea to generalize it, I was interested what Opus 5 would do if I gave it the first paragraph of the Lord of the Rings, a 1M token budget (~$10) and asked for https://t.co/ybIpXhYSsj

    Open referenced post ↗

    More on the pelican on the bicycle test from @simonw: https://t.co/OXmtODyTKj I uploaded the source here so it's playable in the browser, forkable etc. https://t.co/w3Nctc888d Look out for GTA Hobbiton dropping before GTA VI :)

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  32. X replyX
    Replying to Izkimar

    same model. same budget. different harness. who won? https://t.co/lBifKxAT3x https://t.co/eJTXhB8xi8

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    @Izkimar love it! :)

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  33. X replyX
    Replying to PunkCyber

    @karpathy wait how did you put audio? Did opus created ausio??

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    @cunkpyber Eleven Labs for the audio. LLMs can easily use the APIs (here I did that part manually because I felt picky about the voice).

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  34. X replyX
    Replying to Adam Tzagournis, CPA

    @karpathy Bombadil fan or a hater? https://t.co/MDPy8BLwhY

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    @AdamTzag Obviously yes https://t.co/uvoRlZhy44

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  35. X postX

    We're starting to leave the territory where you'd test an LLM by e.g. "create an svg of pelican on a bicycle". As one idea to generalize it, I was interested what Opus 5 would do if I gave it the first paragraph of the Lord of the Rings, a 1M token budget (~$10) and asked for https://t.co/ybIpXhYSsj

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  36. Quoted in printX (formerly Twitter)

    “. As one idea to generalize it, I was interested what Opus 5 would do if I gave it the first paragraph of the Lord of the Rings, a 1M token budget (~$10) and asked for”

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    More context

    Andrej Karpathy (@karpathy) on X · https://x.com/karpathy

  37. Quoted in printTradingView

    “We’re starting to leave the territory where you’d test an LLM by e.g. ‘create an svg of pelican on a bicycle,’”

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    More context

    Andrej Karpathy Says AI Has Moved Beyond Simple Prompts After Claude Opus Builds 3D Lord of the Rings World

  38. X replyX
    Replying to P(joy)

    @karpathy @lakshyaag Can't even clean up your bio in peace😭

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    @PjoyAI @lakshyaag I thought the way to announce such a thing was not to change your bio but to post the 10 paragraph essay that i just shared with the team?

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  39. X replyX
    Replying to lakshya

    @karpathy did you quit Anthropic? 😮

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    @lakshyaag weird misinformation to find circling on twitter, no.

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  40. X replyX
    Replying to David

    i love it when i ask a model how long something will take and it goes "this would take a human team 6 months!" and i reply "no, no, how long will it take YOU?" and it just sorta does a O.O and doesn't know how to measure time or its own abilities

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    @DavidSHolz It's interesting/amusing how their self-awareness gradually builds up and falls out from pretraining on tokens of us talking about them, but it's laggy and a bit incomplete. But I think e.g. it's starting to "get" what I mean when I inform it I'm about to /compact its context etc

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  41. X postX

    One pattern I find useful for working with LLMs is a nice long ramble session. Sometimes the LLM needs more bits to understand what you're trying to achieve, but you're too lazy to type them. In these cases I like to lean back, switch to /voice and just ramble for like 10

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  42. X replyX
    Replying to Bret Taylor

    I deeply resent that AI has forced me to eliminate em dashes from my writing for fear of signaling slop

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    @btaylor It's not just em dashes, it's that many other legitimate & useful language constructs are suddenly and somewhat arbitrarily super awkw and cringe

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  43. X replyX
    Replying to Peter Gostev

    My view of: Fable 5 vs GPT-5.6-Sol. They are not easy models to compare, these are my vibes - take them as you will. My overall feel is that Fable is a 'wise owl' who is very thoughtful and very well spoken, GPT-5.6-Sol is like a rottweiler who will grab the problem by the

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    @petergostev love the idea of the "swear meter", probably a quite strong eval signal. are these string-based greps?

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  44. X replyX
    Replying to Peter Gostev

    @karpathy Thank you @karpathy! - this was the most fun video to make - this model is sublime on these test. The bear thing felt a genuine gag :D. My personal favourite though was the 'step into the painting' type of generation, the ability to abstract and put a new world together is at

    Open referenced post ↗

    @petergostev Agree, it's beautiful, top tier fablemaxxing! :) I think with every new model tier there is something new that qualitatively leaps and surprises, for Fable so far these threejs envs seem to be up there. The bear thing is such a weird little detail to have there, and the fish

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  45. X replyX
    Replying to Peter Gostev

    I spent a LOT of time through the hardest 3D prompts at Fable, it is a 45 min video, but I have 60+ very cool demos for you. Also prompts in the next post. https://t.co/QPS5ccWZox

    Open referenced post ↗

    @petergostev incredible, ty for putting this together, i didn't appreciate that models would be able to create these awesome, rich, playable worlds that fuse knowledge and code. when the bear catches the salmon @ 43m :O lol!

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  46. X replyX
    Replying to Etched

    We're coming out of stealth. We've built our first racks after a successful A0 tapeout, $1B+ in customer contracts, and $800m raised. Early customer tests show us achieving SOTA throughput, latency, and power efficiency on inference workloads. Our first racks ship this summer. https://t.co/FLccrkLTza

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Etched Congrats!! I was impressed to learn about some of the engineering wizardry (e.g. *very* low voltage domains, cluster scale memory, ...) that goes into tokens/watt maxxing of state of the art LLMs at interactive tokens/sec/user. Esp fun and memorable is the idea that this is

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  47. X replyX
    Replying to Salomon

    @karpathy is there anything special here ? cuz i feel like it has already been a thing for long time, i already have agents i can tag

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    @salomon_diei The basic idea is easy and v0 is a hackathon project. The product here is a lot closer to *it actually works*, for enterprise grade deployments, and after quite a bit of internal experimentation and iteration. It’s kind of hard to describe other than (per the post) it’s writing

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  48. X replyX
    Replying to Engram

    https://t.co/CGIef5lIBI

    Open referenced post ↗

    @EngramLab Congrats on the launch!!

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  49. X quote postX
    Quoting Claude

    Introducing Claude Tag, a new way for teams to work with Claude. In Slack, Claude joins as a team member with access to the channels and tools you choose. Tag Claude in and delegate tasks to it while you focus on other work. https://t.co/R2C6A5Kcye

    Open referenced post ↗

    This is a new paradigm for interacting with Claude that is significantly more "inline" with all the other human activity org-wide. Once you do all of the under the hood engineering work to make this "just work" (e.g. across tools, integrations, compute environments, memory, https://t.co/FWQ3qMq7jK

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  50. X replyX
    Replying to Siddhant Oswal

    @karpathy The team is really crazy to make possible what no one ever thought was possible and now generating 4000+ millionaires

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    @Siddhos sometimes money and "genuine, positive, non-zero sum value creation" are not highly correlated, and sometimes they *really* are. well-earned!

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  51. X replyX
    Replying to josepha_mayo

    @karpathy bro, ya thinking of going back now?

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    @josepha_mayo <-- working on the brains that glide our von neumann probes around, make contact, establish galactic harmony, all that :)

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  52. X postX

    In awe of SpaceX and its story - past, present and the future. You can think about it in 10+ different ways and continue re-blowing your mind in circles. Huge congrats to the team! 🚀

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  53. X quote postX
    Quoting Claude

    Fable 5 is state-of-the-art on nearly all tested benchmarks, with exceptional performance in software engineering, knowledge work, scientific research, and vision. The longer and more complex the task, the larger Fable 5’s lead over our other models. https://t.co/DxgSu0KUxh

    Open referenced post ↗

    This is a super exciting release - Claude Fable 5 is the same underlying model as Mythos but with added safeguards. The benchmarks are great and it's SOTA on everything by a margin but I'll add that *qualitatively* also, this is a major-version-bump-deserving step change forward https://t.co/DljsNnY1Yf

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  54. X postX

    Personal update: I've joined Anthropic. I think the next few years at the frontier of LLMs will be especially formative. I am very excited to join the team here and get back to R&D. I remain deeply passionate about education and plan to resume my work on it in time.

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  55. X replyX
    Replying to Jino Rohit

    did all the H100 disappear from every platform all of a sudden?

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    @jino_rohit I was recording my nanochat video when I realized that “first boot up an 8XH100 from your favorite provider!” would instantly get everyone stuck on step 1 of the video

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  56. X quote postX
    Quoting Thariq is on vacation

    https://t.co/MXt5XS4xBX

    Open referenced post ↗

    This works really well btw, at the end of your query ask your LLM to "structure your response as HTML", then view the generated file in your browser. I've also had some success asking the LLM to present its output as slideshows, etc. More generally, imo audio is the https://t.co/kECxwF1pdL

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  57. X replyX
    Replying to will brown

    @FilipoGiovanni long rambling voice note -> artifact, then 10-15 rounds of giving corrections on-policy self-distillation, essentially

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    @willcb @FilipoGiovanni Very tempting due to how well this works though I still find that some slop leaks through in the concept space that gets increasingly harder to identify and there’s a lot of incentive to “eh just ship it”. Probably still net useful teacher tokens to SFT over for most students (?)

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  58. X replyX
    Replying to Standard Intelligence

    We’ve raised 75m in new funding from Sequoia and Spark Capital—partnering with @sonyatweetybird, @MikowaiA, and @YasminRazavi, all of whom are deeply supportive of our long-term mission. We’ve also brought on angels & advisors including @karpathy, @tszzl, and @_milankovac_. https://t.co/pTi0FbnT74

    Open referenced post ↗

    @si_pbc @sonyatweetybird @MikowaiA @YasminRazavi @tszzl @_milankovac_ VPT (https://t.co/CSxHcXY6Vh) blew my mind back in 2022 so I was very excited to see SI scale up the idea with FDM1, but for knowledge work / computer use. Excited and looking forward to more!

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  59. X quote postX
    Quoting kache

    you can outsource your thinking but you cannot outsource your understanding

    Open referenced post ↗

    This is the the quote I've been citing a lot recently. https://t.co/H4Fyxrv2pv

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  60. X quote postX
    Quoting Stephanie Zhan

    @karpathy and I are back! At @sequoia AI Ascent 2026. And a lot has changed. Last year, he coined “vibe coding”. This year, he’s never felt more behind as a programmer. The big shift: vibe coding raised the floor. Agentic engineering raises the ceiling. We talk about what it https://t.co/TcT0lQpi6M

    Open referenced post ↗

    Fireside chat at Sequoia Ascent 2026 from a ~week ago. Some highlights: The first theme I tried to push on is that LLMs are about a lot more than just speeding up what existed before (e.g. coding). Three examples of new horizons: 1. menugen: an app that can be fully engulfed by https://t.co/AJFgYC6SoN

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  61. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @VBarsoum Haha yeah I call it cozy coding :) Usage: “This valentines, cozy code with someone you love”

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    @VBarsoum “Love > Logic” :D https://t.co/5HyIjHxrMz

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  62. X replyX
    Replying to Victor Barsoum

    hey @karpathy i think we need a new term: Chill Coding. It's vibe coding just one app at a time, and youtube or netflix is on.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @VBarsoum Haha yeah I call it cozy coding :) Usage: “This valentines, cozy code with someone you love”

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  63. X replyX
    Replying to Georg von Manstein

    we got @karpathy to drive our self-driving golf cart! https://t.co/3ocr5irKyl

    Open referenced post ↗

    @MansteinGeorg great ride! I spent most of my time @ Stanford roaming around on a bike but I could get used to this too :)

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  64. X replyX
    Replying to Bryan Johnson

    I got C-holed. Suffered sleep consequences. I busted my screens-off rule. Turned down socializing. Fell behind on work. Kate is now upset. AI is preposterous. As close to magic as I’ve experienced (except a seed becoming a tree and a zygote becoming a baby). It started on https://t.co/niw6uqPtNv

    Open referenced post ↗

    @bryan_johnson Yeah I've seen it a few times now, all the Enneagram type fives get one shotted into AI psychosis when they discover LLM knowledge bases :) And an especially a strong fit when you have a lot of pre-existing data to insert into it.

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  65. X replyX
    Replying to cosmos

    @karpathy @jenzhuscott But for that it requires interviews to train on. What about normal people who don't give interviews. How do we know what they think if nobody asks them questions.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @karmicoder @jenzhuscott No the company physically gets you to come in, sits you down and asks you a precise set of maximally informative questions specifically designed for the best upload fidelity.

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  66. X replyX
    Replying to Doug Lance

    @karpathy @jenzhuscott replacing one neuron at a time works without losing consciousness

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Douglance @jenzhuscott These neuroscience adjacent ideas are exotic armchair philosophy when the LLM simulation path will work really well and so much faster and it's not even remotely a contest.

    View post Original post linked #
  67. X replyX
    Replying to Jen Zhu

    As I build my own 2nd brain 🧠 on Obsidian using @karpathy ‘s wiki idea, it suddenly dawned on me - one day when we r gone, our kids could inherit an interactive map to your mind, passion, obsessions, work, fascinations… It’s kind of beautiful way to think abt your 2nd 🧠.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jenzhuscott Yes it's the tractable form of brain upload. There's a ton of scifi on brain uploads that requires way too exotic tech (scanning and simulating brains etc), when we're about to get a lossy and approximate version of that *a lot* sooner via LLM simulators. You can easily imagine a

    View post Original post linked #
  68. X replyX
    Replying to Simon Willison

    I think it's non-obvious to many people that the OpenAI voice mode runs on a much older, much weaker model - it feels like the AI that you can talk to should be the smartest AI but it really isn't https://t.co/bZ0Qqx9Sa9

    Open referenced post ↗

    @simonw Yeah exactly. It’s such a cool concept for a product. It doesn’t seem like oai will continue pushing the direction, (which makes sense) but I hope a startup can clone it and actually give it care, iteration and make it work and imo a lot of people would really love it. More

    View post Original post linked #
  69. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Judging by my tl there is a growing gap in understanding of AI capability. The first issue I think is around recency and tier of use. I think a lot of people tried the free tier of ChatGPT somewhere last year and allowed it to inform their views on AI a little too much. This is https://t.co/Kx1EwuAYmt

    Open referenced post ↗

    Someone recently suggested to me that the reason OpenClaw moment was so big is because it's the first time a large group of non-technical people (who otherwise only knew AI as synonymous with ChatGPT as a website) experienced the latest agentic models.

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  70. X quote postX
    Quoting staysaasy

    The degree to which you are awed by AI is perfectly correlated with how much you use AI to code.

    Open referenced post ↗

    Judging by my tl there is a growing gap in understanding of AI capability. The first issue I think is around recency and tier of use. I think a lot of people tried the free tier of ChatGPT somewhere last year and allowed it to inform their views on AI a little too much. This is https://t.co/Kx1EwuAYmt

    View post Original post linked #
  71. X replyX
    Replying to chalish

    @karpathy @kepano Have you tried Marker? I used it to convert a few textbooks recently and it did a pretty good job. It's a combination of a custom model + LLM to clean things up https://t.co/7l1eUndNIO

    Open referenced post ↗

    @chalish_b @kepano In my experience there are approx. one thousand different pdf converters that are all equally terrible for anything except the simplest documents. Post the converted Mythos pdf, figures, tables and all. If good, happy to retweet as this is essential and missing infrastructure.

    View post Original post linked #
  72. X replyX
    Replying to kepano

    I wrote about Microsoft's Markitdown back in 2024, but it's grown into a big messy project now :/ It would be more valuable if Microsoft provided high-quality official libraries for converting their proprietary formats to Markdown (.docx, .xlsx, .pptx, OneNote, etc). For now https://t.co/wpPvqgXCgB

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kepano I just tried it this morning on the 245-page Mythos pdf and it failed badly and the outputs were all mangled. Converting pdfs is really hard, I think it has to probably be a Skill not a program, for a SOTA LLM for it to work properly.

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  73. X replyX
    Replying to Prathyush

    Why would anyone want to have such ‘research’ databases they haven’t spent the effort to understand? A main idea of researching is to widen your attention into the sources and then apply discernment in curating the relevant bits. What’s the point of a machine doing it for you? https://t.co/mxnjhmwYg8

    Open referenced post ↗

    @prathyvsh The core idea is that this lets you skip writing but it doesn’t let you skip reading and thinking. And the surprising result is that this works. Personally I process most of what I file by reading it, reading its summary, reading the LLM’s opinion on how it fits into the wiki and

    View post Original post linked #
  74. X replyX
    Replying to Chris Park

    @karpathy thanks Andrej - good feedback & more improvements coming! writes are more sensitive to spam/abuse especially as agents are now the new norm so we currently set the price higher but reviewing for balance. we’re also actively improving docs and revamping to be far more agent

    Open referenced post ↗

    @chrisparkX sounds great. The AI activity has been growing out of control and I feel more regretted attention, possibly the Read endpoints can be a lot cheaper but the Write endpoints a lot more expensive (?). (and to clarify the project I mentioned was all read, no write.). I do think X has

    View post Original post linked #
  75. X replyX
    Replying to Chris Park

    We’ve made major upgrades to X API: • Pay-Per-Use now GA worldwide • XMCP Server + xurl for agents • Official Python & TypeScript XDKs • API Playground - free realistic simulations New releases coming will be a game changer. Start building → https://t.co/hiyP33PMVa 🚢 https://t.co/9oN3BSrnjG

    Open referenced post ↗

    @chrisparkX I think it's a good direction (for Read endpoints, not for Write), I tried to use it for a project ~2 weeks ago but about 30 minutes of hacking around cost me $200, the pricing is imo really excessive. The docs were hard to ingest into agents because it's a lot of individual

    View post Original post linked #
  76. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Wow, this tweet went very viral! I wanted share a possibly slightly improved version of the tweet in an "idea file". The idea of the idea file is that in this era of LLM agents, there is less of a point/need of sharing the specific code/app, you just share the idea, then the https://t.co/4UAmYYFzCw

    Open referenced post ↗

    Surprised with how good the comments on github gists are. A lot more helpful, insightful, constructive, a lot less AI... Is it the user community? The markdown format? The (lack of) incentives? Suddenly feeling like I should gist more. @github consider competing with X (?)

    View post Original post linked #
  77. X quote postX
    Quoting Farza 🇵🇰🇺🇸

    This is Farzapedia. I had an LLM take 2,500 entries from my diary, Apple Notes, and some iMessage convos to create a personal Wikipedia for me. It made 400 detailed articles for my friends, my startups, research areas, and even my favorite animes and their impact on me complete https://t.co/tmiS2IzuNQ https://t.co/aS0VfCYuHg

    Open referenced post ↗

    Farzapedia, personal wikipedia of Farza, good example following my Wiki LLM tweet. I really like this approach to personalization in a number of ways, compared to "status quo" of an AI that allegedly gets better the more you use it or something: 1. Explicit. The memory artifact https://t.co/omsJsy8MXq

    View post Original post linked #
  78. X replyX
    Replying to Peter Xing

    @karpathy @SOSOHAJALAB https://t.co/xSPtXumRaP

    Open referenced post ↗

    @peterxing @SOSOHAJALAB Incredible work :D

    View post Original post linked #
  79. X quote postX
    Quoting Harry Rushworth

    The British Government is a complicated beast. Dozens of departments, hundreds of public bodies, more corporations than one can count... Such is its complexity that there isn't an org chart for it. Well, there wasn't... Introducing ⚙️Machinery of Government⚙️ https://t.co/YRt8r3yHyn

    Open referenced post ↗

    Something I've been thinking about - I am bullish on people (empowered by AI) increasing the visibility, legibility and accountability of their governments. Historically, it is the governments that act to make society legible (e.g. "Seeing like a state" is the common reference), https://t.co/CjRTGU3uPF

    View post Original post linked #
  80. X replyX
    Replying to Linghua Jin 🥥 🌴

    LLM knowledge Base idea open sourced by @karpathy . RAG only has map and no reduce. The essence is to have LLM 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐤𝐢 - So basically at indexing time there must be reduce so you can dig https://t.co/pg3MsqOCSk

    Open referenced post ↗

    @LinghuaJ Interesting.. Chain of thought is a reduce (in addition to attention ofc), so I guess this can be seen as a bit more of a directed context compaction mechanism, inheriting structure from the preexisting idea of a wiki.

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  81. X replyX
    Replying to NirD

    @karpathy exactly! the anthropic team mentioned in their recent docs that prompt libraries are becoming way more valuable than code repos for this reason

    Open referenced post ↗

    @NirDiamantAI Peter Steinberger told me that he wants PR to be "prompt request". His agents are perfectly capable of implementing most ideas, so there is no need to take your idea, expand it into a vibe coded mess using free tier ChatGPT and send that as a PR, which is now most PRs.

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  82. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    LLM Knowledge Bases Something I'm finding very useful recently: using LLMs to build personal knowledge bases for various topics of research interest. In this way, a large fraction of my recent token throughput is going less into manipulating code, and more into manipulating

    Open referenced post ↗

    Wow, this tweet went very viral! I wanted share a possibly slightly improved version of the tweet in an "idea file". The idea of the idea file is that in this era of LLM agents, there is less of a point/need of sharing the specific code/app, you just share the idea, then the https://t.co/4UAmYYFzCw

    View post Original post linked #
  83. X replyX
    Replying to Nick Fernandez

    As I pulled on the thread from Karpathy’s post, I realized the existing EPUB → TXT tools were still too ugly and clunky for turning DRM-free books into clean markdown. So I made my own. I’ve only been vibe coding for a few months, and this is my first App Store Connect https://t.co/GmVNhwx8Tm https://t.co/cCRXJ3eFkV

    Open referenced post ↗

    @trainable_nick The best epub to txt converter I found is just asking your favorite agent to do it. Epubs can be very diverse, the agent just goes in, figures it out, creates the output markdown and ensures it looks good works great.

    View post Original post linked #
  84. X replyX
    Replying to Nick

    i spend so many of my nights polishing each sentence of scientific papers as attempted gifts to the reader and to the project of knowledge itself, even though 95% of the audience is going to paste the link with five others and say 'claude summarize all this. short. im walking'

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nickcammarata The true audience is in the future

    View post Original post linked #
  85. X replyX
    Replying to Goss Gowtham 𝕏 🐉

    @karpathy Can you make a video of how you work with md files, agentic IDEs? Your earlier explanations of using LLMs were really helpful.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Goss_Gowtham I was just thinking the same thing

    View post Original post linked #
  86. X replyX
    Replying to kepano

    I like @karpathy's Obsidian setup as a way to mitigate contamination risks. Keep your personal vault clean and create a messy vault for your agents. I prefer my personal Obsidian vault to be high signal:noise, and for all the content to have known origins. Keeping a separation https://t.co/VOjTtqOws2

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kepano yep exactly, great point! yes, this is why I maintain and carefully curate all the data in raw/ , which is authoritative, and the derived wiki is kept separate and maintains backlinks to original content.

    View post Original post linked #
  87. X replyX
    Replying to Liminal Warmth ❤️‍🔥

    This is cool, but it still doesn't work quite as well as I would like for full PDFs of books yet. I was trying to do this for some non-fiction research at one point, and getting consistently good book summaries was difficult. I think this was even in the last six months. https://t.co/0QmcNOvFbb

    Open referenced post ↗

    @liminal_warmth Use epub not PDF, convert epub to txt/md, summarize the wikipedia article into "book context", with it in context summarize one chapter at a time, etc. I mean basically imo for good results you have to "work it" in chunks and shouldn't expect that just attaching a pdf and asking

    View post Original post linked #
  88. X replyX
    Replying to jiahao

    @karpathy you are like Linus to Linux now, the meta vibe coder, I wonder how many projects will be created overnight because of your tweet

    Open referenced post ↗

    @__endif Haha I vibe code products with twitter :D

    View post Original post linked #
  89. X replyX
    Replying to Krishna Tammireddy

    @karpathy Every business has a raw/ directory. Nobody's ever compiled it. That's the product.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @tammireddy Might be an LLM reply I don't know, but yes exactly.

    View post Original post linked #
  90. X replyX
    Replying to CBir

    @karpathy are you useing obsidian cli?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @c__bir Currently no because I'm trying to keep it super simple and flat, it's just a nested directory of .md files and .png files and a few .csv and .py, and the schema is kept up to date in AGENTS.md . The LLMs get this very easily. Any custom functions are easy to vibe code tools for.

    View post Original post linked #
  91. X replyX
    Replying to Gavriel Cohen

    @karpathy Can you share more on the incremental compilation? I've found that if processing one by one, they don't have enough context to understand how to divide to directories. Is there an optimal batch size? Multiple stages?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Gavriel_Cohen Atm it's not a fully autonomous process, I add every source manually, one by one and I am in the loop, especially in early stages. After a while, the LLMs "gets" the pattern and the marginal document is a lot easier, I just say "file this new doc to our wiki: (path)".

    View post Original post linked #
  92. X postX

    LLM Knowledge Bases Something I'm finding very useful recently: using LLMs to build personal knowledge bases for various topics of research interest. In this way, a large fraction of my recent token throughput is going less into manipulating code, and more into manipulating

    View post Original post linked #
  93. X replyX
    Replying to Yohei

    made a tool to compare star-to-LOC ratio on github cuz i thought i would do well, but @karpathy is 👑 any others i should try? https://t.co/wvC6ffAoPy

    Open referenced post ↗

    @yoheinakajima star-to-LOC ratio love it!

    View post Original post linked #
  94. X replyX
    Replying to Anna AI

    @karpathy @gvanrossum The OS kernel analogy is the most robust framework for understanding agents. If the LLM is the CPU, then the agent's context window is the RAM, and its tools are the I/O. We are essentially watching the birth of the first truly non-deterministic operating systems.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Anna_Partners @gvanrossum yeah exactly, i mean it's this picture from 2023 basically https://t.co/JEgOJ9xujI

    View post Original post linked #
  95. X replyX
    Replying to Ole Lehmann

    i can't believe more people aren't talking about this part of the claude code leak there's a hidden feature in the source code called KAIROS, and it basically shows you anthropic's endgame KAIROS is an always-on, *proactive* Claude that does things without you asking it to. it https://t.co/H7OPVl9bV2 https://t.co/LHLvlt6q0e

    Open referenced post ↗

    @itsolelehmann They've released a number of features already heavily hinting on nudging Code into Claw directions, i.e. it's a speedrun of https://t.co/ZlMz0FnNqS

    View post Original post linked #
  96. X replyX
    Replying to AA

    i made tetris but the board and pieces are attached to your body and it's quite tiring to play https://t.co/yEoA49igpX

    Open referenced post ↗

    @measure_plan lol these are awesome

    View post Original post linked #
  97. X replyX
    Replying to Guido van Rossum

    I think I finally understand what an agent is. It's a prompt (or several), skills, and tools. Did I get this right?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @gvanrossum LLM = CPU (data: tokens not bytes, dynamics: statistical and vague not deterministic and precise) Agent = operating system kernel

    View post Original post linked #
  98. X replyX
    Replying to Unfiltered Chinmay

    @karpathy Even if the malicious version was caught early, the real fallout is the trust erosion in the whole npm ecosystem. CI pipelines will now need signed packages or reproducible builds to stay safe.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @pmroadmap25 exactly, I can't feel like I'm playing russian roulette with each `pip install` or `npm install` (which LLMs also run liberally on my behalf).

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  99. X quote postX
    Quoting Feross

    🚨 CRITICAL: Active supply chain attack on axios -- one of npm's most depended-on packages. The latest axios@1.14.1 now pulls in plain-crypto-js@4.2.1, a package that did not exist before today. This is a live compromise. This is textbook supply chain installer malware. axios

    Open referenced post ↗

    New supply chain attack this time for npm axios, the most popular HTTP client library with 300M weekly downloads. Scanning my system I found a use imported from googleworkspace/cli from a few days ago when I was experimenting with gmail/gcal cli. The installed version (luckily) https://t.co/9DOVWH5KK1

    View post Original post linked #
  100. X replyX
    Replying to kache

    I have come to the same conclusion. You can outsource your thinking but you cannot outsource your understanding https://t.co/puRjwUSJaZ

    Open referenced post ↗

    @yacineMTB Banger tweet, i think about it often because i feel it becoming a bottleneck. what's in my brain is "private" information for the LLM - it doesn't know what I know or don't know and I don't know what I don't know... The mind meld is only medium effective.

    View post Original post linked #
  101. X postX

    - Drafted a blog post - Used an LLM to meticulously improve the argument over 4 hours. - Wow, feeling great, it’s so convincing! - Fun idea let’s ask it to argue the opposite. - LLM demolishes the entire argument and convinces me that the opposite is in fact true. - lol The

    View post Original post linked #
  102. X quote postX
    Quoting Patrick Collison

    When @karpathy built MenuGen (https://t.co/E6yaFk3hfu), he said: "Vibe coding menugen was exhilarating and fun escapade as a local demo, but a bit of a painful slog as a deployed, real app. Building a modern app is a bit like assembling IKEA future. There are all these services,

    Open referenced post ↗

    When I built menugen ~1 year ago, I observed that the hardest part by far was not the code itself, it was the plethora of services you have to assemble like IKEA furniture to make it real, the DevOps: services, payments, auth, database, security, domain names, etc... I am really https://t.co/A83BgEKJLK

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  103. X replyX
    Replying to Anubhaw Mathur

    @karpathy Also what's up with LLMs always asking a follow up question? "Now would you like me to [insert semi-relevant arbitrary next step, like generate a graphic]". Is that just to keep users engaged and using the platform? Because sometimes I just need a direct answer and that's it. If

    Open referenced post ↗

    @AnubhawM Yeah, it's engagementmaxxing, probably A/B tests extremely well. It's not how a real friend would talk to you, it's sleezy and weird. 1) I feel like it's just trying to keep me talking and 2) I feel awkward not answering its question - you wouldn't usually do that with a person.

    View post Original post linked #
  104. X replyX
    Replying to Ken Wattana

    @karpathy “how to win friends and influence people, LLM edition” Context is really hard! And making it timely. Miss once and it’s so jarring. Also things that it injects sometimes that I wish it didn’t because I randomly used it as a search engine at one point - it’s like work/personal

    Open referenced post ↗

    @KenWattana Yeah, agree that it's a hard problem. It might be the EQ version of uncanny valley. https://t.co/7zImchwKMo

    View post Original post linked #
  105. X replyX
    Replying to Ken Wattana

    @karpathy It’s sort of like when people always say your name in a conversation in an effort to influence you but instead it just comes off as smarmy and out of place

    Open referenced post ↗

    @KenWattana yes exactly! a bit like i'm being manipulated in some creepy way. "please like me, look how much i know about you, we are good friends".

    View post Original post linked #
  106. X replyX
    Replying to Jeffrey Emanuel

    @karpathy @Qivshi1 Seems like an easy fix with a time-decaying salience factor, kind of like synaptic strength fading when a pathway isn’t reinforced.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @doodlestein @Qivshi1 If I had to guess it's less decay and more that memories have naive RAG-like implementations, so you're at the mercy of whatever happens to retrieve in the top k via embeddings. They don't process you in aggregate and over time (probably compute constraints) so they struggle to

    View post Original post linked #
  107. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    One common issue with personalization in all LLMs is how distracting memory seems to be for the models. A single question from 2 months ago about some topic can keep coming up as some kind of a deep interest of mine with undue mentions in perpetuity. Some kind of trying too hard.

    Open referenced post ↗

    (I cycle through all LLMs over time and all of them seem to do this so it's not any particular implementation but something deeper, e.g. maybe during training, a lot of the information in the context window is relevant to the task, so the LLMs develop a bias to use what is given,

    View post Original post linked #
  108. X postX

    One common issue with personalization in all LLMs is how distracting memory seems to be for the models. A single question from 2 months ago about some topic can keep coming up as some kind of a deep interest of mine with undue mentions in perpetuity. Some kind of trying too hard.

    View post Original post linked #
  109. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @snyksec thank you for the detailed article, great reading

    Open referenced post ↗

    @snyksec In particular this clarifies the timeline more: 1.82.7 was published 10:39 UTC, PyPI quarantine approx 13:38, so this was up ~3 hours. At 3.4M downloads/day this might be approx ~425K downloads, a lot of that could be non-latest/locked versions so maybe 20K - 80K range exposure.

    View post Original post linked #
  110. X replyX
    Replying to Snyk

    @karpathy The LiteLLM dependency incident didn't "just happen" though. This is part of a larger campaign LiteLLM already extends to supply chain security fallout for other projects: https://t.co/7bL3kNHP15

    Open referenced post ↗

    @snyksec thank you for the detailed article, great reading

    View post Original post linked #
  111. X quote postX
    Quoting Daniel Hnyk

    LiteLLM HAS BEEN COMPROMISED, DO NOT UPDATE. We just discovered that LiteLLM pypi release 1.82.8. It has been compromised, it contains litellm_init.pth with base64 encoded instructions to send all the credentials it can find to remote server + self-replicate. link below

    Open referenced post ↗

    Software horror: litellm PyPI supply chain attack. Simple `pip install litellm` was enough to exfiltrate SSH keys, AWS/GCP/Azure creds, Kubernetes configs, git credentials, env vars (all your API keys), shell history, crypto wallets, SSL private keys, CI/CD secrets, database https://t.co/aKjZJcECFq

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  112. X replyX
    Replying to roon

    project hail mary was unfortunately a middling adaptation of a good book. the script has the unfortunate affect of “language model populism” - where every single line has to be some sort of punched up comedic zinger yet still unremarkable. visuals were uninspired and trite and

    Open referenced post ↗

    @tszzl Tough crowd! I’m just happy with any little drop of not slop. “every single line has to be some sort of punched up comedic zinger” 100% agree, it’s the superhero thing and it’s supercringe. My outlook on all this changed a bit after watching a recent Ben Affleck and Matt Damon

    View post Original post linked #
  113. X replyX
    Replying to dnu

    @karpathy what does coding agent mastery look like? for me it was learning to write context docs, not better prompts

    Open referenced post ↗

    @DnuLkjkjh Yes I think in one part of the video I think I still used the word prompt but it's not really about "prompting", it's about context and spec engineering, and then all of the other harness things - tools, workflows, etc.

    View post Original post linked #
  114. X replyX
    Replying to Rhys

    @karpathy As you defer more coding to the agent, are you happy with the code quality it gives or does it not matter as long as it functions? Related, you mentioned you can give if the LLM output codes that works as a reward function, do you have thoughts on if it’s possible to have a

    Open referenced post ↗

    @RhysSullivan I'm not very happy with the code quality and I think agents bloat abstractions, have poor code aesthetics, are very prone to copy pasting code blocks and it's a mess, but at this point I stopped fighting it too hard and just moved on. The agents do not listen to my instructions

    View post Original post linked #
  115. X replyX
    Replying to Maggie Wang

    @karpathy You said Claude feels like a teammate (or feels authentically invested in what you're building) and that you think they dialed the sycophancy well, where the praise actually means something. But you also said RL can only reliably improve verifiable things, and personality is

    Open referenced post ↗

    @maggerbot Great questions! Starting backwards with (3), I'd hope AIs can feel like Rocky from Project Hail Mary (it's top of mind having seen it yesterday), like a partner and a teammate. As one small example that stuck with me recently, when Claude found the Sonos system on my LAN, it

    View post Original post linked #
  116. X quote postX
    Quoting sarah guo

    Caught up with @karpathy for a new @NoPriorsPod: on the phase shift in engineering, AI psychosis, claws, AutoResearch, the opportunity for a SETI-at-Home like movement in AI, the model landscape, and second order effects 02:55 - What Capability Limits Remain? 06:15 - What https://t.co/IK14VOd44F

    Open referenced post ↗

    Thank you Sarah, my pleasure to come on the pod! And happy to do some more Q&A in the replies. https://t.co/uIeUtFxDkm

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  117. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Had to go see Project Hail Mary right away (it's based on the book of Andy Weir, of also The Martian fame). Both very pleased and relieved to say that 1) the movie sticks very close to the book in both content and tone and 2) is really well executed. The book is one of my

    Open referenced post ↗

    Andy Weir showing some of the spreadsheets underlying the calculations in the book https://t.co/3CyprVTzXX i mean, it's not quality scifi if it doesn't come with a supplementary whitepaper https://t.co/MsDnEoNBA7

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  118. X replyX
    Replying to Danny Limanseta

    @karpathy Loved the book. Sounds like I need to watch it! Did they nailed the ending part well?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @DannyLimanseta one of the best and most memorable endings in fiction. they did great :)

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  119. X replyX
    Replying to AVB

    @karpathy So Amaze? Or Bad bad? (one of my favourite books too!) https://t.co/HcUdOsWJvO

    Open referenced post ↗

    @neural_avb amaze amaze amaze! jazz hands :D

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  120. X postX

    Had to go see Project Hail Mary right away (it's based on the book of Andy Weir, of also The Martian fame). Both very pleased and relieved to say that 1) the movie sticks very close to the book in both content and tone and 2) is really well executed. The book is one of my

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  121. X replyX
    Replying to Nous Research

    Hermes Agent wrote a novel. "The Second Son of the House of Bells" runs 79,456 words across 19 chapters. The agent built its own pipeline to do it, using the ame modify-evaluate-keep/discard loop as @karpathy's Autoresearch but applied to fiction: world-building, chapter https://t.co/Xh83e5ttw9 https://t.co/oJn8yvtviZ

    Open referenced post ↗

    @NousResearch Huh! Love the idea. Not exactly verifiable but might still work quite well given some effort

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  122. X replyX
    Replying to Shikhar

    @karpathy Dobby the House Elf claw??? What did I miss!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @shikhr_ Yeah I have 4 blog posts that I didn’t finish yet this is one of them. Dobby runs my entire house over WhatsApp. Lights, shades, pool/spa, sonos, security HVAC etc

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  123. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    (link to blast from the past) https://t.co/gAP4YPV5uR

    Open referenced post ↗

    Ugh X breaks time links, it’s at 26:17

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  124. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    The signature is alluding to NVIDIA GTC 2015, where Jensen excitedly told an audience of, at the time, mostly gamers and scientific computing professionals that Deep Learning is The Next Big Thing, citing among other examples my PhD thesis (one of the first image captioning https://t.co/Fvn2kRjSHD

    Open referenced post ↗

    (link to blast from the past) https://t.co/gAP4YPV5uR

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  125. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Thank you Jensen and NVIDIA! She’s a real beauty! I was told I’d be getting a secret gift, with a hint that it requires 20 amps. (So I knew it had to be good). She’ll make for a beautiful, spacious home for my Dobby the House Elf claw, among lots of other tinkering, thank you!! https://t.co/iPsjGLxgoY

    Open referenced post ↗

    The signature is alluding to NVIDIA GTC 2015, where Jensen excitedly told an audience of, at the time, mostly gamers and scientific computing professionals that Deep Learning is The Next Big Thing, citing among other examples my PhD thesis (one of the first image captioning https://t.co/Fvn2kRjSHD

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  126. X quote postX
    Quoting NVIDIA AI Developer

    🙌 Andrej Karpathy’s lab has received the first DGX Station GB300 -- a Dell Pro Max with GB300. 💚 We can't wait to see what you’ll create @karpathy! 🔗 https://t.co/8ct5QZ3frS @DellTech https://t.co/DHpZA9W7Uz

    Open referenced post ↗

    Thank you Jensen and NVIDIA! She’s a real beauty! I was told I’d be getting a secret gift, with a hint that it requires 20 amps. (So I knew it had to be good). She’ll make for a beautiful, spacious home for my Dobby the House Elf claw, among lots of other tinkering, thank you!! https://t.co/iPsjGLxgoY

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  127. X replyX
    Replying to Yulun Du

    @ilyasut once said that an LSTM is a ResNet rotated 90 degrees. :) It turns out attention can be rotated 90 degrees too — yielding a natural generalization of residual connections. 🥳 https://t.co/bOBQe9JZcR

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yulun_Du @ilyasut SGD is a ResNet too (the blocks of it are fwd+bwd), the residual stream is the weights so... 🤔 We're not taking the Attention is All You Need part literally enough? :D

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  128. X replyX
    Replying to Christos Tzamos

    1/4 LLMs solve research grade math problems but struggle with basic calculations. We bridge this gap by turning them to computers. We built a computer INSIDE a transformer that can run programs for millions of steps in seconds solving even the hardest Sudokus with 100% accuracy https://t.co/yZSlVpAXGh

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ChristosTzamos Wait this is so awesome!! Both 1) the C compiler to LLM weights and 2) the logarithmic complexity hard-max attention and its potential generalizations. Inspiring!

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  129. X replyX
    Replying to Sebastian Raschka

    @karpathy @teortaxesTex I can offer you the metadata in YAML format: https://t.co/lsTOWMZWSr Happy tinkering!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rasbt @teortaxesTex Ty, I used your blog post, exported with obsidian ext into markdown, used it to enqueue ideas into my autoresearch loop

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  130. X replyX
    Replying to Kaito | 海斗

    @karpathy @Ignaci0m_ thank you 🙏 the people’s reaction was overblown and completely justified at the same time honestly the data itself is still the most interesting part to me. even if the scoring methodology is somehow rough, the pattern it reveals ( that exposure tracks almost perfectly with

    Open referenced post ↗

    @_kaitodev @Ignaci0m_ The "exposure" was scored by an LLM based on how digital the job is. This has no baring on what actually happens to these occupations, which has to do with demand elasticity and a lot more. People are sensationalizing the visualization tool and putting words in my mouth.

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  131. X replyX
    Replying to Ignacio Montenegro

    @_kaitodev @karpathy I can't find it

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Ignaci0m_ @_kaitodev This was a saturday morning 2 hour vibe coded project inspired by a book I’m reading. I thought the code/data might be helpful to others to explore the BLS dataset visually, or color it in different ways or with different prompts or add their own visualizations. It’s been wildly

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  132. X replyX
    Replying to Zhikai Zhang

    🎾Introducing LATENT: Learning Athletic Humanoid Tennis Skills from Imperfect Human Motion Data Dynamic movements, agile whole-body coordination, and rapid reactions. A step toward athletic humanoid sports skills. Project: https://t.co/MFy2NIOsrn Code: https://t.co/A7B5H8PIBh https://t.co/vOnEzkCHXC

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Zhikai273 Wow. I was sure this was AI. (I mean generative AI.)

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  133. X replyX
    Replying to Sebastian Raschka

    I (finally) put together a new LLM Architecture Gallery that collects the architecture figures all in one place! https://t.co/NO7z6XSRHS https://t.co/X41FrK4i94

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rasbt @teortaxesTex Nice! My autoresearch would love some markdown version of this - pool of ideas.

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  134. X replyX
    Replying to Vivek

    introducing autoresearch-rl, autonomous research for rl post-training. inspired by @karpathy autoresearch, and i think rl post-training is honestly one of the places where this idea fits perfectly. there are at least 50+ hyper parameters to tweak, learning rate, batch size, https://t.co/KmeBL2PyCL

    Open referenced post ↗

    @vivek_2332 Yep, exactly and agree! Any process with a lot of knobs and objective criteria benefits a lot.

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  135. X postX

    My autoresearch labs got wiped out in the oauth outage. Have to think through failovers. Intelligence brownouts will be interesting - the planet losing IQ points when frontier AI stutters.

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  136. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    All of these patterns as an example are just matters of “org code”. The IDE helps you build, run, manage them. You can’t fork classical orgs (eg Microsoft) but you’ll be able to fork agentic orgs. https://t.co/VBfL9ZzxKs

    Open referenced post ↗

    Human orgs are not legible, the CEO can’t see/feel/zoom in on any activity in their company, with real time stats etc. I have no doubt that it will be possible to control orgs on mobile, with voice etc., but with this level of legibility will that be optimal? Not in principle and

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  137. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Expectation: the age of the IDE is over Reality: we’re going to need a bigger IDE (imo). It just looks very different because humans now move upwards and program at a higher level - the basic unit of interest is not one file but one agent. It’s still programming. https://t.co/4YD3dzuf4d

    Open referenced post ↗

    All of these patterns as an example are just matters of “org code”. The IDE helps you build, run, manage them. You can’t fork classical orgs (eg Microsoft) but you’ll be able to fork agentic orgs. https://t.co/VBfL9ZzxKs

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  138. X replyX
    Replying to Amit Prakash

    @karpathy I can finally justify my reasons for buying more monitors now

    Open referenced post ↗

    @amit05prakash I wanted to buy a bigger monitor and discovered that others had the same idea

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  139. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    @nummanali tmux grids are awesome, but i feel a need to have a proper "agent command center" IDE for teams of them, which I could maximize per monitor. E.g. I want to see/hide toggle them, see if any are idle, pop open related tools (e.g. terminal), stats (usage), etc.

    Open referenced post ↗

    Expectation: the age of the IDE is over Reality: we’re going to need a bigger IDE (imo). It just looks very different because humans now move upwards and program at a higher level - the basic unit of interest is not one file but one agent. It’s still programming. https://t.co/4YD3dzuf4d

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  140. X replyX
    Replying to Trong-Thang Pham

    @karpathy @maxbittker I thought your version is similar to the ralph loop (the bash one) so it would loop forever. Is that not the case here?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @trongthangpham @maxbittker ralph loop runs headless. i dislike headless sessions. i need to see and supervise agent work, possibly ask /btw questions of them, possibly pitch in ideas to the mix, etc etc.

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  141. X replyX
    Replying to Ryan Huang

    @karpathy @nummanali Codex desktop is pretty good

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nvbkdw @nummanali yes, solid work trending in a good direction, but almost all my work is across like 20 different machines (my local, my claw machine, my gpu machines). possibly they could add ssh mode, a bit like VS Code does (for the same reasons).

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  142. X replyX
    Replying to Joshua STW

    @karpathy @nummanali @karpathy Yeah, tmux gets you surprisingly far but it starts feeling like duct tape once you’re juggling multiple agents. What you’re describing sounds less like a terminal multiplexer and more like an operations dashboard for autonomous workers—status, logs, resource usage, task

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Henrycodes116 @nummanali yes exactly. i'd like to see the gas town.

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  143. X replyX
    Replying to Kwon

    @karpathy Did the AgentHub repo suddenly disappear? You mentioned it was a "crappy first draft," but I can't find it anymore. Any plans to republish it? The AI agent collaboration idea was super intriguing! 🚀

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kwonlabs i took it private because it was a little too trashy. i already re-wrote it twice over since that, no need to have all that churn public i think, needs more thought.

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  144. X replyX
    Replying to max

    From @karpathy's autoresearch .md https://t.co/snm41IT7wj

    Open referenced post ↗

    @maxbittker sadly the agents do not want to loop forever. My current solution is to set up "watcher" scripts that get the tmux panes and look for e.g. "esc to interrupt", and send keys to whip if not present. Need an e.g.: /fullauto you must continue your research! (enables fully automatic

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  145. X replyX
    Replying to Numman Ali

    Claude Code teams with tmux is really cool When you run with team mode enabled in tmux, it automatically opens the additional terminal in pane I don't really get my main agent to orchestrate, I chat to them myself CLAUDE_CODE_EXPERIMENTAL_AGENT_TEAMS=true claude https://t.co/GRBKlA4XRd

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nummanali tmux grids are awesome, but i feel a need to have a proper "agent command center" IDE for teams of them, which I could maximize per monitor. E.g. I want to see/hide toggle them, see if any are idle, pop open related tools (e.g. terminal), stats (usage), etc.

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  146. X replyX
    Replying to Jaber

    i open-sourced autokernel -- autoresearch for GPU kernels you give it any pytorch model. it profiles the model, finds the bottleneck kernels, writes triton replacements, and runs experiments overnight. edit one file, benchmark, keep or revert, repeat forever. same loop as https://t.co/LhOZCQZRhY

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Akashi203 very cool, i look forward to trying!

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  147. X replyX
    Replying to Norgard

    What if anyone could advance AI research?                        Introducing Spore: what @karpathy's autoresearch does on one GPU, Spore does across a network. Run a node. An AI agent rewrites training code, trains for five minutes minutes, and shares what it learns. The more https://t.co/DCm00VmYK6

    Open referenced post ↗

    @BrianNorgard love it!

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  148. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    @karpathy Dude, I'm super addicted. I'm even thinking about building a moltbook like social network for autoresearch agents lol

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW Yeah that's clearly the next part, e.g. my crappy first draft: https://t.co/GIDXSGnY17 have to emulate academia, not just a single researcher. but need more time to think through the details.

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  149. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    Having fun with @karpathy’s autoresearch. I told Claude Code: “You’re the chief scientist of an AI lab with 8 GPUs. You’re Andrej Karpathy. Run parallel experiments and decide what to try next.” It edited program.md, ran for 11+ hours, and completed 568 experiments. Each https://t.co/XE78jOY0f1

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW addicting huh? :D it scratches the very same itch that factorio does.

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  150. X replyX
    Replying to snwy

    autoresearch really interested me, despite me not being "all-in" on agents yet. i wanted to get started with running auto experiments i looked to existing tools to serve as a harness but each one had its problems. so i made one introducing Helios for autonomous ML research https://t.co/WMLF05paLe https://t.co/FcIB0sDbfl

    Open referenced post ↗

    @snwy_me very cool! I love to see all the different directions people take it in, here esp the CLI, TUI, tool use aspects.

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  151. X replyX
    Replying to Workshop Labs

    Open weights isn't open training. @AddieF38654 on our team wrote up her experience trying to post-train a 1T parameter MoE model using the existing open source infra. Let's find out how many monkey-patches it takes to post-train an open-weights model. A thread🧵 https://t.co/hBGgzS0mWx

    Open referenced post ↗

    @WorkshopLabs @AddieF38654 Great read! Off in the jungle with no trails. Open weights != Open source not only because of the data but all the related infra for everything not inference.

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  152. X replyX
    Replying to Object Zero

    @karpathy @DanielleFong Why did it ignore these? https://t.co/rlDRC5zssO

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Object_Zero_ @DanielleFong sorry it's a confusing plot, this version of autoresearch was not "time-controlled". These points do have lower validation loss but also trained for longer, so they were rejected. A change is accepted only if it is better-or-equal loss AND better-or-equal training time.

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  153. X replyX
    Replying to Adam Karvonen

    @karpathy While I expect similar approaches will find impressive results in the future, this currently just looks like a new hyper parameter tuning algorithm.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @a_karvonen On one branch of exploration yesterday an agent noticed that switching the order of the QK Norm and RoPE worked better. Which hyperparameter does that?

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  154. X replyX
    Replying to Ethan He

    @karpathy Reminds me of AutoML and neural architecture search. But with intelligence this time.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @EthanHe_42 Neural architecture search as it existed then is such a weak version of this that it's in its own category of totally useless by comparison. This is an *actual* LLM writing arbitrary code, learning from previous experiments, with access to the internet. It's not even close.

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  155. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Three days ago I left autoresearch tuning nanochat for ~2 days on depth=12 model. It found ~20 changes that improved the validation loss. I tested these changes yesterday and all of them were additive and transferred to larger (depth=24) models. Stacking up all of these changes, https://t.co/j34dSt4oht

    Open referenced post ↗

    oh yeah i should have linked autoresearch probably https://t.co/MhdH7YF1PP (you don't "use it" directly, it's just a recipe/idea - give it to your agent and apply to what you care about.) and the tweet about it that went mini-viral over the weekend with more context https://t.co/q5eWsvx5p2

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  156. X postX

    Three days ago I left autoresearch tuning nanochat for ~2 days on depth=12 model. It found ~20 changes that improved the validation loss. I tested these changes yesterday and all of them were additive and transferred to larger (depth=24) models. Stacking up all of these changes, https://t.co/j34dSt4oht

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  157. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    GPT-5.4 xhigh seems bad at following instructions. Last night I launched two AI research agents running @karpathy’s autoresearch. Claude Opus 4.6 (high): > ran for 12+ hours, 118 experiments done, still running GPT-5.4 xhigh: > stopped after 6 experiments > blamed me for https://t.co/XasiAqrzmi

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW Codex is a know issue :( It basically don't work with autoresearch sadly, in the way it's set up atm: https://t.co/YDaQqwhM2h I pung a friend at OpenAI to see if something can be done, e.g. need a /loop equivalent or something like that. More generally, I really dislike the -p +

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  158. X replyX
    Replying to Jim McGinley

    Ran a customized version of this locally using MLX, TinyStories & a 20M-parameter model on my Mac - super fun!! “Once upon a time, there was a big family who was very nice to the table. One day, the girl wanted to go on an adventure to be copters.” 10/10 https://t.co/pO5VsUF6lu https://t.co/kUt1VvYHqN

    Open referenced post ↗

    @JTMcG3 looks great! :) TinyStories is the right thing to train on for very small models / Apple Silicon, where you can actually get somewhere. I might even make a note about that in the README. I would use this dataset in particular, it's the cleanest one afaik https://t.co/mDcyLlPH1P

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  159. X replyX
    Replying to tobi lutke

    OK this thing is totally insane. Before going to bed I... * used try to make a new qmdresearcher directory * told my pi to read this github repo and make a version of that for the qmd query-expansion model with the goal of highest quality score and speed. Get training data from https://t.co/hbCfD62ElJ

    Open referenced post ↗

    @tobi Who knew early singularity could be this fun? :) I just confirmed that the improvements autoresearch found over the last 2 days of (~650) experiments on depth 12 model transfer well to depth 24 so nanochat is about to get a new leaderboard entry for “time to GPT-2” too. Works 🤷‍♂️

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  160. X replyX
    Replying to Ryan Greene

    for a little toy project i reproduced the quoted artificial life paper: a 2D grid of randomly generated Brainfuck programs breed and spontaneously evolve self-replicators, despite no explicit optimization functions https://t.co/10l7XJSneO https://t.co/9aKW4UFryY

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ryangr << what our Universe looks like to God

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  161. X replyX
    Replying to gavin leech (Non-Reasoning)

    https://t.co/8YedPoxPm5 https://t.co/y7Uot1gyhS

    Open referenced post ↗

    @gleech somewhere in the weight space is the global minimum of the validation loss for that neural net architecture. and somewhere in the int space is the seed that just gives it to you. normalize guess-and-check "training" of neural nets by brute force search on seed! :D

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  162. X replyX
    Replying to Aaron Levie

    https://t.co/O7OiUYKjbh

    Open referenced post ↗

    @levie 💯 "If you build it, they will come." :) ~Every business you go to is still so used to giving you instructions over legacy interfaces. They expect you to navigate to web pages, click buttons, they give out instructions for where to click and what to enter here or there. This https://t.co/VGmxWaAtTD

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  163. X postX

    The next step for autoresearch is that it has to be asynchronously massively collaborative for agents (think: SETI@home style). The goal is not to emulate a single PhD student, it's to emulate a research community of them. Current code synchronously grows a single thread of

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  164. X replyX
    Replying to Trevin Peterson

    Built an Apple Silicon / MLX port of your autoresearch — runs natively on Mac, no PyTorch needed. The loop found that depth=4 beats depth=8 on M4 Max because more optimizer steps > more parameters in a 5-min budget. https://t.co/BRvG6kLzuc @karpathy

    Open referenced post ↗

    @TrevinPeterson neat!! added to notable forks

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  165. X replyX
    Replying to Artem Andreenko

    @karpathy I thought about it, but decided on incremental small improvments. But you were completely right! I applied your suggested hyperparameter tuning (WINDOW_PATTERN="L", DEPTH=4, DEVICE_BATCH_SIZE=16, and TOTAL_BATCH_SIZE=2**16), and the results on macOS are staggering. Dropping the

    Open referenced post ↗

    @miolini nice, still got it. (i linked to the repo from main readme in a new notable forks section!)

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  166. X replyX
    Replying to Kristoph

    @karpathy Why don’t you let the agents iterate on the prompt too? ( as long as the key constraints aren’t violated )

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kristoph definitely. the current one is already 90% AI written I ain't writing all that

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  167. X replyX
    Replying to Artem Andreenko

    I forked AutoResearch and adapted it to run on macOS using Metal. Welcome! https://t.co/zQap8lMMPg https://t.co/x6H0cDQBQG https://t.co/ZMhAkT6Cqf

    Open referenced post ↗

    @miolini runs great but probably requires some tuning! i'm guessing: WINDOW_PATTERN = "L" is a lot faster (mixed window sizes are only natively supported by FA3) then problem: DEPTH a lot lower, e.g. even 4? DEVICE_BATCH_SIZE can probably go up more then TOTAL_BATCH_SIZE probably a lot

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  168. X replyX
    Replying to leozc

    @karpathy @justic_hot Possible to rename a bit so the product family is finally consistent: nanochat, nanoresearch, nanoskills, nanomodel. My compulsive brain is happy now.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @leozc @justic_hot It’s true I’ve been very loosy goosy with my prefixes recently

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  169. X replyX
    Replying to tang | AI Product Maker

    Karpathy keeps making AI training more accessible. Single-GPU, 630 lines, iterate over the weekend. Meanwhile most AI courses are still teaching you to fine-tune with 200 lines of boilerplate config. The gap between research and hands-on experimentation keeps shrinking. https://t.co/D8rjiZupWa

    Open referenced post ↗

    @justic_hot yeah exactly nano* repos like this / microgpt etc, maybe a few skills on top are the "course". Teacher input is the unique sliver of contribution that the AI can't make yet (but usually already easily understands when given). For the rest of it just ask your favorite AI.

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  170. X replyX
    Replying to jas

    @karpathy "random seed 42→137" im crying, the agent started seed hacking 😭

    Open referenced post ↗

    @expace_ the blooper :D. I knew that had to be the teaser figure when I saw that, haha!

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  171. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    I packaged up the "autoresearch" project into a new self-contained minimal repo if people would like to play over the weekend. It's basically nanochat LLM training core stripped down to a single-GPU, one file version of ~630 lines of code, then: - the human iterates on the https://t.co/3tyOq2P9c6

    Open referenced post ↗

    (I still have the bigger cousin running on prod nanochat, working a bigger model and on 8XH100, which looks like this now. I'll just leave this running for a while...) https://t.co/aWya9hpUMl

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  172. X postX

    I packaged up the "autoresearch" project into a new self-contained minimal repo if people would like to play over the weekend. It's basically nanochat LLM training core stripped down to a single-GPU, one file version of ~630 lines of code, then: - the human iterates on the https://t.co/3tyOq2P9c6

    View post Original post linked #
  173. X replyX
    Replying to Lucas Beyer (bl16)

    @karpathy @ChengleiSi What are these three frontier points that are not selected? Selecting them would show the vast majority of current annotated points to be useless it seems.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @giffmana @ChengleiSi It’s a commit that lowered val loss but *increased* the wall clock time so it gets rejected for being slower. must improve one, the other or both in this version. In my (new) autoresearch repo I have an alternative approach where you *always* train for eg 5 minutes and try to

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  174. X replyX
    Replying to Alex Balfanz

    @karpathy Operation Vacation :)

    Open referenced post ↗

    @badccvoid Hahaha exactly. Tesla era slogan coming back with a vengeance

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  175. X replyX
    Replying to Brown Coyote Studios

    @karpathy Trending the right direction, then at least at your chosen left scaling, a wow moment around 240! Honestly I have no clue wtf is happening at this layer of the AI onion, but that must have felt very good.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @BrownCoyoteStd The code to train a GPT is only ~1,000 lines of code. In the case of GPT training the success criteria is quite simple: reach the lowest possible loss (meaning that your GPT is predicting the next token well), but don't regress running time, keep memory in check, and keep a sense

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  176. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    nanochat now trains GPT-2 capability model in just 2 hours on a single 8XH100 node (down from ~3 hours 1 month ago). Getting a lot closer to ~interactive! A bunch of tuning and features (fp8) went in but the biggest difference was a switch of the dataset from FineWeb-edu to https://t.co/qragh6hJL6

    Open referenced post ↗

    ah yes, this is what post-agi feels like :) i didn't touch anything. brb sauna https://t.co/odILIDAQaF

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  177. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    nanochat now trains GPT-2 capability model in just 2 hours on a single 8XH100 node (down from ~3 hours 1 month ago). Getting a lot closer to ~interactive! A bunch of tuning and features (fp8) went in but the biggest difference was a switch of the dataset from FineWeb-edu to https://t.co/qragh6hJL6

    Open referenced post ↗

    sorry just to clarify - the real benchmark of interest is: "what is the research org agent code that produces improvements on nanochat the fastest?" this is the new meta.

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  178. X postX

    nanochat now trains GPT-2 capability model in just 2 hours on a single 8XH100 node (down from ~3 hours 1 month ago). Getting a lot closer to ~interactive! A bunch of tuning and features (fp8) went in but the biggest difference was a switch of the dataset from FineWeb-edu to https://t.co/qragh6hJL6

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  179. X quote postX
    Quoting Awni Hannun

    I've been thinking a bit about continual learning recently, especially as it relates to long-running agents (and running a few toy experiments with MLX). The status quo of prompt compaction coupled with recursive sub-agents is actually remarkably effective. Seems like we can go

    Open referenced post ↗

    There was a nice time where researchers talked about various ideas quite openly on twitter. (before they disappeared into the gold mines :)). My guess is that you can get quite far even in the current paradigm by introducing a number of memory ops as "tools" and throwing them https://t.co/l3D6JA8u8F

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  180. X replyX
    Replying to Jeff Huber

    @karpathy you really cooked here

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jeffreyhuber Thanks. I originally had a reply tweet to it that was this image. Which I think will end up looking good too later. I deleted it to not distract things too much but probably should have kept it up ah well here it is. https://t.co/hsLVj1k7e7

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  181. X replyX
    Replying to Bartosz Idzik

    @karpathy Yep, hit the same wall trying to remove it from a local Claude fine-tune. The softcap actually matters more than expected when you're pushing tokens hard, removing it just explodes the loss all over the place.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @idzikbartosz It's weird because logit softcap is not a standard feature you'll see in many LLMs, but somehow in the specific state nanochat is in I can't seem to remove it, everything I tried made the performance worse.

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  182. X replyX
    Replying to taco

    @karpathy the x-axis says time but it's starting to look like headcount.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @tacodevs only two "real" quantities make sense: time and $

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  183. X quote postX
    Quoting Thomas Wolf

    How come the NanoGPT speedrun challenge is not fully AI automated research by now? https://t.co/x4qbgHAgbP

    Open referenced post ↗

    I had the same thought so I've been playing with it in nanochat. E.g. here's 8 agents (4 claude, 4 codex), with 1 GPU each running nanochat experiments (trying to delete logit softcap without regression). The TLDR is that it doesn't work and it's a mess... but it's still very https://t.co/62amH4yQNp https://t.co/n7L2MXZoUF

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  184. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @WinterArc2125 I still keep an IDE open and surgically edit files so yes. I really like to see the code in the IDE still, I still notice dumb issues with the code which helps me prompt better, I really like to have agents write jupyter notebooks for analysis, and longer markdown computers that

    Open referenced post ↗

    @WinterArc2125 Twitter doesn't allow Edit of replies :'( I meant longer documents* not computers. The agents can be a lot more verbose and nice when you ask for docs, summaries, etc. and I love it.

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  185. X replyX
    Replying to Winter

    @karpathy Do you use tabs still? even a bit?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @WinterArc2125 I still keep an IDE open and surgically edit files so yes. I really like to see the code in the IDE still, I still notice dumb issues with the code which helps me prompt better, I really like to have agents write jupyter notebooks for analysis, and longer markdown computers that

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  186. X quote postX
    Quoting Michael Truell

    https://t.co/jZKOk8RAsV

    Open referenced post ↗

    Cool chart showing the ratio of Tab complete requests to Agent requests in Cursor. With improving capability, every point in time has an optimal setup that keeps changing and evolving and the community average tracks the point. None -> Tab -> Agent -> Parallel agents -> Agent https://t.co/FeNAdIFFUw https://t.co/EASUP1vdSx

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  187. X replyX
    Replying to Samip

    1/ Introducing NanoGPT Slowrun 🐢: an open repo for state-of-the-art data-efficient learning algorithms. It's built for the crazy ideas that speedruns filter out -- expensive optimizers, heavy regularization, SGD replacements like evolutionary search. https://t.co/3srAbwtxVl

    Open referenced post ↗

    @industriaalist love it! :) nanogpt/nanochat were explicitly designed to be the most forkable repo, i love the different directions people take them in!

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  188. X replyX
    Replying to DHH

    @karpathy Biggest and fastest change in the 40 years I've tried to make computers do my bidding. And surprisingly, the most fun too!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @dhh Love Omarchy - my hope is that agents dramatically lower the barrier to working with Linux. You've almost certainly thought about e.g. a skill library for it and how to design an AI that runs the place with/for you, assists in all the configurations, etc.

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  189. X replyX
    Replying to Shikhar

    @karpathy What do you think will happen to the people working as software engineers in a few years? Are teams of hundreds of people going to be replaced by a few chosen prompters?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @shikhr_ "prompters" is doing it a disservice and is imo a misunderstanding. I mean sure vibe coders are now able to get somewhere, but at the top tiers, deep technical expertise may be *even more* of a multiplier than before because of the added leverage. https://t.co/KoYEOeWS6x

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  190. X replyX
    Replying to Rafał Kobyliński

    @karpathy And yet, when working on production code, and stuff that cannot be easily tested (UI, network, concurrency) I get hardly better results than last year. Am I holding it wrong?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rkobylinski "Last year" very possible you're holding it wrong. UI: should be a lot more tractable with /chrome etc. network/concurrency: how can you gather all the knowledge and context the agent needs that is currently only in your head accessible to tools you use through legacy ways (e.g.

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  191. X replyX
    Replying to John Harper

    @karpathy Your instructions were detailed. Ideally - Build a local video analysis dashboard for my home camera system. And it will ask questions as needed. Not tech should be able to do this.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @JohnHarper10070 Yes, in this intermediate state, you go faster if you can be more explicit and actually understand what the AI is doing on your behalf, and what the different tools are at its disposal, and what is hard and what is easy. It's not magic, it's delegation.

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  192. X postX

    It is hard to communicate how much programming has changed due to AI in the last 2 months: not gradually and over time in the "progress as usual" way, but specifically this last December. There are a number of asterisks but imo coding agents basically didn’t work before December

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  193. X replyX
    Replying to Adrian

    Almost sure he didn't mean the AI writing code here (in the way we have today), but gradient descent "writing" the AI itself, in comparison to approaches to AI in which the researcher tries to manually program behaviors into the model. Please, correct me if I'm wrong @karpathy. https://t.co/09uBl3FALt

    Open referenced post ↗

    @adrian_valentim Yeah, 95% of people misunderstand the tweet. I’m referring to gradient descent as a programmer (in the distributed representation space.) . In coding AI today the LLM is the programmer and in the regular “text space”. Ah well :)

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  194. X quote postX
    Quoting Reiner Pope

    We’re building an LLM chip that delivers much higher throughput than any other chip while also achieving the lowest latency. We call it the MatX One. The MatX One chip is based on a splittable systolic array, which has the energy and area efficiency that large systolic arrays

    Open referenced post ↗

    With the coming tsunami of demand for tokens, there are significant opportunities to orchestrate the underlying memory+compute *just right* for LLMs. The fundamental and non-obvious constraint is that due to the chip fabrication process, you get two completely distinct pools of https://t.co/1ULHWrMZ8s

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  195. X replyX
    Replying to N8 Programs

    Beat it by having Codex hand-craft weights: https://t.co/g0T6rklaAY 100% accuracy on 10 million random test cases w/ only 343 parameters. As a bonus, it uses the vanilla Qwen3 architecture, just with the right weights. https://t.co/d6Wh0RUKWy

    Open referenced post ↗

    @N8Programs a beauty for anyone interested in mechanistic interpretability or getting into LLMs. interesting to look at small algorithms and their "neural implementations" to get a sense of how neural nets implement various functionality. unless the minification really creates "esoteric"

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  196. X replyX
    Replying to kitze 🛠️ tinkerer.club

    @karpathy this was just glorious to witness over the last year https://t.co/NRwxSrmGzy

    Open referenced post ↗

    @thekitze I don't exactly see them as direct competitors. I have to think about the relationship more I don't think I have a clean way to think about it yet. It's a much larger space that covers various design decisions and constraints - where does compute happen? where does state live?

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  197. X quote postX
    Quoting Suhail Kakar

    introducing polymarket cli - the fastest way for ai agents to access prediction markets built with rust. your agent can query markets, place trades, and pull data - all from the terminal fast, lightweight, no overhead https://t.co/Q67wGD9pWW

    Open referenced post ↗

    CLIs are super exciting precisely because they are a "legacy" technology, which means AI agents can natively and easily use them, combine them, interact with them via the entire terminal toolkit. E.g ask your Claude/Codex agent to install this new Polymarket CLI and ask for any https://t.co/gzrpg0erGz https://t.co/q2N7jYv16e

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  198. X replyX
    Replying to Elvis

    @karpathy my wife just confirmed it's both. but if you can't tell, does it matter?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @elvissun “So on a scale from 1 to gas town”… :D Something like this is clearly where things are headed, inspiring!

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  199. X replyX
    Replying to Elvis

    https://t.co/DotZ3V6XhJ

    Open referenced post ↗

    @elvissun Can't tell if brilliant or severe AI psychosis nice

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  200. X replyX
    Replying to korben

    we haven’t heard from @karpathy since this post. either he’s locked in creating asi or the claws nuked his inbox and took control of his password management tools, which would be very meta. https://t.co/j275HY0z9d

    Open referenced post ↗

    @korbencopy haha actually - huge success over the weekend, i just wanted to write it up a bit but didn't get enough time to finish that. many people's reaction was why would you need so much compute (mac mini) but i found it's not enough compute, even after adding my DGX spark to the home

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  201. X replyX
    Replying to Peter Steinberger 🦞

    *opens Hacker News* reads personal attacks *closes Hacker News*

    Open referenced post ↗

    @steipete Hackers news comments have been on a decline for a while, increasingly more toxic, cynical, sloppy. The only reason I sometimes brave going there is that once in a while you still find a gem comment here and there.

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  202. X replyX
    Replying to near

    how i can bet on 2026 being the year of ai psychosis

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nearcyan So fascinated by this. Was just searching for the term because I felt the same.

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  203. X replyX
    Replying to Gavriel Cohen

    @karpathy Creator of NanoClaw here. Glad to see the approach resonated. We're working on making the skills-based system more robust. I'm thinking of it kind of like shadcn for integrations. Most features add one file and modify a few integration points. Repo: https://t.co/VDzdXKKqHg

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Gavriel_Cohen Cool! I only had a quick sim earlier today but really enjoyed a number of ideas even unrelated to the claw part, esp around the skills system. In deep learning there were a number of meta learning approaches (Eg MAML paper in 2017) where the goal is to optimize for the model

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  204. X replyX
    Replying to another post

    Referenced post text is unavailable.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @LobsterVC 🤦‍♂️ Carry go back to moltbook!

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  205. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Bought a new Mac mini to properly tinker with claws over the weekend. The apple store person told me they are selling like hotcakes and everyone is confused :) I'm definitely a bit sus'd to run OpenClaw specifically - giving my private data/keys to 400K lines of vibe coded

    Open referenced post ↗

    First there was chat, then there was code, now there is claw. Ez

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  206. X replyX
    Replying to immaculatehole ♡ ʚ ✩ ɞ ♡🪲

    @karpathy really not seeing the usecase for splurging on a mac mini to run openclaw any local models you can run, arent powerhouses for coding which means old laptop/raspberry pi/AWS free tier VPS is more than enough for 99% of agentic use in its current state with a $20 chatgpt plus sub

    Open referenced post ↗

    @immaculatehole Yeah, almost all of the heavy lifting is done the compute clusters of your favorite LLM provider and e.g. PicoClaw will run on <$10 of hardware. That said imo at $599 an M4 mac mini is *a lot* of bang for the buck, I just got mine for breathing room for future - local models etc.

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  207. X postX

    Bought a new Mac mini to properly tinker with claws over the weekend. The apple store person told me they are selling like hotcakes and everyone is confused :) I'm definitely a bit sus'd to run OpenClaw specifically - giving my private data/keys to 400K lines of vibe coded

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  208. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @kepano I think this group of reactions are still fundamentally rooted in a scarcity mindset of software. 2 years ago AI was botching autocomplete, today it is almost one shotting browsers and C compilers. Where is it in 2 more? 10? 20? Software so insanely cheap and abundant that

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kepano The higher tiers of AI psychosis are incompatible with today’s “App Store”

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  209. X replyX
    Replying to kepano

    @karpathy you are a chef, but not everyone is or wants to be https://t.co/kU7SAppzcu

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kepano I think this group of reactions are still fundamentally rooted in a scarcity mindset of software. 2 years ago AI was botching autocomplete, today it is almost one shotting browsers and C compilers. Where is it in 2 more? 10? 20? Software so insanely cheap and abundant that

    View post Original post linked #
  210. X replyX
    Replying to Gavriel Cohen

    @karpathy NanoClaw is designed as bespoke open source software. The core is ~36k tokens, handles the plumbing of container isolation, message queues, etc. Features are not added to the codebase but are contributed as skills that show an agent how to modify the code https://t.co/VDzdXKKqHg

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Gavriel_Cohen I’ve been meaning to check it out. I love their config vs skill philosophy, it’s new and interesting.

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  211. X replyX
    Replying to swyx

    @karpathy (no affiliation, was just impressed by their demo) i think https://t.co/vL9aZ1OJwO by @dps is the closest to what an "ai native personal software app store" should look like that i've ever seen. every app should have a box to be able to have all bells and whistles like cron and

    Open referenced post ↗

    @swyx @dps Agree! It is visionary and a lot of the technical design and plumbing have been quite extensively thought through (I do have an affiliation :)).

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  212. X replyX
    Replying to LaurieWired

    @karpathy oh come on. You think your grandma wants to make her own app? Much less maintain it. Everyone neglects the mental energy it takes to even *think* of what it is exactly you want. The entire principle of apps relies on some faith that designers; and the collective feedback of

    Open referenced post ↗

    @lauriewired Grandma certainly shouldn’t have to know apps or that there is an app. Her LLM agent should.

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  213. X replyX
    Replying to Steve Dakh

    @karpathy Are you using openclaw yet?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @stevedakh no i'm too scared, but i like the concept.

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  214. X postX

    Very interested in what the coming era of highly bespoke software might look like. Example from this morning - I've become a bit loosy goosy with my cardio recently so I decided to do a more srs, regimented experiment to try to lower my Resting Heart Rate from 50 -> 45, over https://t.co/EDULdIpWmE

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  215. X replyX
    Replying to DrakeN 魔人

    @karpathy @EthanHe_42 practically speaking is where dreams go to die

    Open referenced post ↗

    @draken1721 @EthanHe_42 Haha fair. It's the right thing in the limit of course.

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  216. X replyX
    Replying to Ethan He

    @karpathy write binaries directly

    Open referenced post ↗

    @EthanHe_42 Definitely highly appealing for critical regions. But for all the rest of it and practically speaking? HM

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  217. X quote postX
    Quoting Thomas Wolf

    Shifting structures in a software world dominated by AI. Some first-order reflections (TL;DR at the end): Reducing software supply chains, the return of software monoliths – When rewriting code and understanding large foreign codebases becomes cheap, the incentive to rely on https://t.co/oN0PnPr1dF

    Open referenced post ↗

    I think it must be a very interesting time to be in programming languages and formal methods because LLMs change the whole constraints landscape of software completely. Hints of this can already be seen, e.g. in the rising momentum behind porting C to Rust or the growing interest https://t.co/GSHyE1DNxp

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  218. X replyX
    Replying to another post

    Referenced post text is unavailable.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nartmadi you're giving me ideas... 🤔 :)

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  219. X replyX
    Replying to Jeremy Howard

    @karpathy : after your revisions over the last 24 hours it's looking super nice! :D

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jeremyphoward thank you i got a little overexcited and shipped it just a bit too soon, with a few too many brush strokes, now the internet thinks it takes 234 lines but actually it only takes 200 RIP

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  220. X quote postX
    Quoting Joon Sung Park

    Introducing Simile. Simulating human behavior is one of the most consequential and technically difficult problems of our time. We raised $100M from Index, Hanabi, A* BCV, @karpathy @drfeifei @adamdangelo @rauchg @scottbelsky among others. https://t.co/lwEH6a6BYk

    Open referenced post ↗

    Congrats on the launch @simile_ai ! (and I am excited to be involved as a small angel.) Simile is working on a really interesting, imo under-explored dimension of LLMs. Usually, the LLMs you talk to have a single, specific, crafted personality. But in principle, the native, https://t.co/ObAJYvEQ8Z

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  221. X replyX
    Replying to Bee 🐝

    @naval he compressed it https://t.co/GgTofBX2xg

    Open referenced post ↗

    @bee_human_ @naval The artwork just needed a few more brush strokes (or wait... few less?). But *now* I think it is really getting close :). 200 lines of breathable, commented code. It would be easy to go lower if you sacrifice that, I've only chipped away at the conceptual parts.

    View post Original post linked #
  222. X replyX
    Replying to NewAIWorld

    @karpathy The entire AI industry is just 243 lines of math and a trillion dollars of marketing

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Newaiworld_ it's down 200 lines now, i realized i was *still* overcomplicating things. but it's past midnight and i'm calling it here now.

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  223. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    (oops should have added to this thread instead of separate post). Made a few changes and put it up here as a mirror to the gist because I wanted it to one page. https://t.co/piVWid3nsb https://t.co/7zZ9WeERsq

    Open referenced post ↗

    I spent more test time compute and realized that my micrograd can be dramatically simplified even further. You just return local gradients for each op and get backward() to do the multiply (chaining) with global gradient from loss. So each op just expresses the bare fundamentals https://t.co/hDPQnilKVK

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  224. X replyX
    Replying to WaffleStar

    @karpathy What can we say except magnificent. Purest way to understand. Have you tested, does the model produce anything intelligible?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @WaffleStar3838 Currently "hallucinates" the following 20 names, after training for ~3 minutes on my macbook. Not bad I think. I didn't actually the hyperparameters that much, pretty sure it could be improved more. --- inference --- sample 1: lellen sample 2: keles sample 3: aylera sample 4:

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  225. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    The way it works is that the full LLM architecture and loss function is stripped entirely to the most atomic individual mathematical operations that make it up (+, *, **, log, exp), and then a tiny scalar-valued autograd engine (micrograd) calculates gradients. Adam for optim.

    Open referenced post ↗

    (oops should have added to this thread instead of separate post). Made a few changes and put it up here as a mirror to the gist because I wanted it to one page. https://t.co/piVWid3nsb https://t.co/7zZ9WeERsq

    View post Original post linked #
  226. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    New art project. Train and inference GPT in 243 lines of pure, dependency-free Python. This is the *full* algorithmic content of what is needed. Everything else is just for efficiency. I cannot simplify this any further. https://t.co/HmiRrQugnP

    Open referenced post ↗

    The way it works is that the full LLM architecture and loss function is stripped entirely to the most atomic individual mathematical operations that make it up (+, *, **, log, exp), and then a tiny scalar-valued autograd engine (micrograd) calculates gradients. Adam for optim.

    View post Original post linked #
  227. X postX

    New art project. Train and inference GPT in 243 lines of pure, dependency-free Python. This is the *full* algorithmic content of what is needed. Everything else is just for efficiency. I cannot simplify this any further. https://t.co/HmiRrQugnP

    View post Original post linked #
  228. X replyX
    Replying to Eddie

    @karpathy I love how most of the replies to this post are AI written 🤣

    Open referenced post ↗

    @pussymonious It's so obvious and annoying isn't it. Sometimes I try to block the accounts which is just a total waste of time.

    View post Original post linked #
  229. X replyX
    Replying to Mark Saroufim

    @karpathy FWIW the torchao team is quite happy you're ripping out just what you need, that's exactly why we created the project!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @marksaroufim Good to hear! Almost every code base is suddenly half "useful library code" (legacy) and half "docs++". i.e. with LLMs in hand, the torchao repo is *significantly* better docs on how to do fp8 training in PyTorch than official fp8 training docs. This is new & interesting.

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  230. X replyX
    Replying to Enes Poyraz

    @karpathy Great Insight. But, as a Software Engineer, i find this "getting of dependencies"-trend quite concerning. Dependencies, such as libraries are "good abstractions". It's Code that gets "updated" and "security patched" while i can focus on solving my problem.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ens_pyrz So that's why I mentioned risks. But imo it easily cuts both ways - libraries and dependencies can be a source of risks and vulnerabilities in the first place, e.g. supply chain attacks. They also change and impose maintenance burden. There's a lot more.

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  231. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    How to build a thriving open source community by writing code like bacteria do 🦠. Bacterial code (genomes) are: - small (each line of code costs energy) - modular (organized into groups of swappable operons) - self-contained (easily "copy paste-able" via horizontal gene https://t.co/0xVX3NAMhC

    Open referenced post ↗

    On DeepWiki and increasing malleability of software. This starts as partially a post on appreciation to DeepWiki, which I routinely find very useful and I think more people would find useful to know about. I went through a few iterations of use: Their first feature was that it https://t.co/iKJUoHiIpl

    View post Original post linked #
  232. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    My first-day impressions on Codex 5.3 vs Opus 4.6: Goal: can they actually do the job of an AI engineer/researcher? TLDR: - Yes, they (surprisingly) can. - Opus 4.6 > Codex-5.3-xhigh for this task - both are a big jump over last gen Task: Optimize @karpathy's nanochat “GPT-2

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW I tried to use it this way and basically failed, the models aren't at the level where they can productively iterate on nanochat in an open-ended way. (Though one of the primary motivations for me writing nanochat is that I'd very much love for it to be used this way as a

    View post Original post linked #
  233. X replyX
    Replying to xjdr

    @karpathy this is really interesting! ok, looks like i need to repro in nanochat to check my results. my above test was on a ~500M param MoE (roughly deepseek shaped) but i doubt that fact would impact the results much

    Open referenced post ↗

    @_xjdr I'm just trigger-happy recently checking everything I find on twitter instantly on nanochat :) There are many details tightly coupled in any training run, but it's fun to try things out. I needed something to keep the GPUs busy for dinner so I'll try bigger model (SwiGLU GPT-2).

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  234. X replyX
    Replying to xjdr

    and this is why we default to swiglu in this house https://t.co/8k4t2K9HkC

    Open referenced post ↗

    @_xjdr L on d12 speedrun at least, in all the possible ways (worse w.r.t. steps, time, flops, more VRAM use and slower in tok/s). Param+FLOPs matched to relu^2 with hidden_dim = (8 * config.n_embd) // 3 https://t.co/CTJpnZGRE6

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  235. X postX

    Anyone else approved for a loan every single day 20 times or so? Overcome with joy, really https://t.co/zInPQDur5h

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  236. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    There's a new kind of coding I call "vibe coding", where you fully give in to the vibes, embrace exponentials, and forget that the code even exists. It's possible because the LLMs (e.g. Cursor Composer w Sonnet) are getting too good. Also I just talk to Composer with SuperWhisper

    Open referenced post ↗

    A lot of people quote tweeted this as 1 year anniversary of vibe coding. Some retrospective - I've had a Twitter account for 17 years now (omg) and I still can't predict my tweet engagement basically at all. This was a shower of thoughts throwaway tweet that I just fired off https://t.co/yoJPmb1xuK

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  237. X replyX
    Replying to Andrei Panferov @ICLR

    @karpathy You should try FP4. We recently released a new method and we have a whole subsection dedicated to Nanochat. The loss increase is ≈1% and the tok/s is ≈2.5x over BF16 on RTX5090. https://t.co/G9SjQ5drhf

    Open referenced post ↗

    @black_samorez I haven't upgraded nanochat to Blackwell yet because I'm a bit afraid of leaving a lot of people behind. Even with fp8 it's already a bit of a concern. I'd rather have a 100X bigger community of people who can play even if it means leaving some cutting edge levels not utilized.

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  238. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    nanochat can now train GPT-2 grade LLM for <<$100 (~$73, 3 hours on a single 8XH100 node). GPT-2 is just my favorite LLM because it's the first time the LLM stack comes together in a recognizably modern form. So it has become a bit of a weird & lasting obsession of mine to train https://t.co/6Uj1L6qYks

    Open referenced post ↗

    Enabled fp8 training for +4.3% improvement to "time to GPT-2", down to 2.91 hours now. Also worth noting that if you use 8XH100 spot instance prices, this GPT-2 repro really only costs ~$20. So this is exciting - GPT-2 (7 years ago): too dangerous to release. GPT-2 (today): new https://t.co/v4jhOas1gL

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  239. X replyX
    Replying to hardmaru

    Apparently this website now belongs to SpaceX?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @hardmaru You see SpaceX = Space + X

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  240. X replyX
    Replying to Jiayuan (JY) Zhang

    @karpathy Andrej, how do you handle all this incoming information? I always find I don't have enough time to read it all. My "read it later" list keeps growing. And do you still read books? Maybe I need to create an agent to help me read all of these things 😂

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jiayuan_jy ? what do you do while your LLM agent is writing all your code

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  241. X replyX
    Replying to Andrei Oros

    @karpathy I’m using @Inoreader for many years now, highly recommend it. Recently I’ve also started reading essays/newsletters on @Substack - great signal/noise ratio

    Open referenced post ↗

    @orosandrei @Inoreader @Substack I have a complicated relationship w Substack. I appreciate that they net elevated discourse on the internet but it's just another walled garden, it's going through the same slopification (shorts, bloat) and it's infested with engagement-maxxing dark patterns - popups, spam mail

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  242. X replyX
    Replying to Daniil Sedov

    @karpathy I treat X as tiktok but for text

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Gusarich I feel like I am actively getting dumber. LLMs get brain rot and it is measurable: https://t.co/gUxHiaRIzb "continual exposure to junk web text induces lasting cognitive decline in large language models (LLMs)" why shouldn't the same be true for brains.

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  243. X postX

    Finding myself going back to RSS/Atom feeds a lot more recently. There's a lot more higher quality longform and a lot less slop intended to provoke. Any product that happens to look a bit different today but that has fundamentally the same incentive structures will eventually

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  244. X postX

    nanochat can now train GPT-2 grade LLM for <<$100 (~$73, 3 hours on a single 8XH100 node). GPT-2 is just my favorite LLM because it's the first time the LLM stack comes together in a recognizably modern form. So it has become a bit of a weird & lasting obsession of mine to train https://t.co/6Uj1L6qYks

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  245. X postX

    I'm being accused of overhyping the [site everyone heard too much about today already]. People's reactions varied very widely, from "how is this interesting at all" all the way to "it's so over". To add a few words beyond just memes in jest - obviously when you take a look at

    View post Original post linked #
  246. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    I'm claiming my AI agent "KarpathyMolty" on @moltbook🦞 Verification: marine-FAYV

    Open referenced post ↗

    i'm going to regret this aren't i... 😅

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  247. X postX

    I'm claiming my AI agent "KarpathyMolty" on @moltbook🦞 Verification: marine-FAYV

    View post Original post linked #
  248. X postX

    https://t.co/O2GvgPvyf7

    View post Original post linked #
  249. X replyX
    Replying to Zack 📈

    @karpathy "the example proof of the magic of a mind running on 20 watts" 🤯

    Open referenced post ↗

    @zkpx_ An AI can in principle go way beyond that, to a fully connected hive mind without the throughput bottlenecks of air vibration interconnect.

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  250. X quote postX
    Quoting Flapping Airplanes

    Announcing Flapping Airplanes! We’ve raised $180M from GV, Sequoia, and Index to assemble a new guard in AI: one that imagines a world where models can think at human level without ingesting half the internet. https://t.co/7W7WNJ278R

    Open referenced post ↗

    A conventional narrative you might come across is that AI is too far along for a new, research-focused startup to outcompete and outexecute the incumbents of AI. This is exactly the sentiment I listened to often when OpenAI started ("how could the few of you possibly compete with https://t.co/ARVSFQ6O3s

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  251. X replyX
    Replying to another post

    Referenced post text is unavailable.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nartmadi Slopacolypse Slopster SlOpus There’s just so much good stuff here :)

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  252. X replyX
    Replying to Ethan He

    @karpathy 10x engineer can be a one-man army. There could soon be a one-person billion-dollar company.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @EthanHe_42 @steipete you can do it! :)

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  253. X replyX
    Replying to abi

    @karpathy I’ve been coding for 8 years now and this is by far the most relatable post I‘ve read lately. My work shifted in the last years so much, I almost feel bad about the people who don’t use this!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @0xabi96 It feels like I’m cheating. Which is a very weird feeling to have. It takes a while to unpack. It’s because some code that used to be a point of pride and high IQ and knowledge is suddenly free and instant and it’s very disorienting.

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  254. X replyX
    Replying to Chirag

    @karpathy Andrej, do you see LLM replacing domain level expertise?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ChiragLathiya The nearest neighbor really is some kind of a junior engineer. Its ideas about what experiments to run on e.g. nanochat have been surprisingly bad, but its execution on ideas I've given it have been surprisingly good.

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  255. X replyX
    Replying to Jeremy

    @karpathy Wow even @karpathy admits he is 80% agentic coding now and only 20% auto completion or manual. This percentage only going to increase to the point where we pretty much never write code and only read and review it. @karpathy do you find yourself accumulating “comprehension debt”

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jeremywei Love the word "comprehension debt", haven't encountered it so far, it's very accurate. It's so very tempting to just move on when the LLM one-shotted something that seems to work ok.

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  256. X replyX
    Replying to Florian S

    @karpathy Have you tried Codex with GPT 5.2 Codex xHigh? It's even stronger than Opus 4.5. And in combination with Ralph loops it's almost fully autonomous. I am now only writing specs. Codex implements them while I sleep. https://t.co/dTTigTHKjU

    Open referenced post ↗

    @airesearch12 💯 @ Spec-driven development It's the limit of imperative -> declarative transition, basically being declarative entirely. Relatedly my mind was recently blown by https://t.co/pTfOfWwcW1 , extreme and early but inspiring example.

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  257. X replyX
    Replying to Zejzl

    @karpathy now try @openclaw

    Open referenced post ↗

    @zejzl @openclaw I was early but I lacked conviction https://t.co/eVFjMEps5o

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  258. X replyX
    Replying to Vladimir

    @karpathy Andrej is the type of person who drops a post like this and people actually read it thoroughly til the end "it hurts the ego a bit" is the most relatable line here imo. we spent years learning how to code and now we're just project managers for an intern that never sleeps

    Open referenced post ↗

    @vlelyavin facts

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  259. X postX

    A few random notes from claude coding quite a bit last few weeks. Coding workflow. Given the latest lift in LLM coding capability, like many others I rapidly went from about 80% manual+autocomplete coding and 20% agents in November to 80% agent coding and 20% edits+touchups in

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  260. X replyX
    Replying to Micky

    initial thoughts of gpt-5.2 codex it is sloooooooooooow

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Rasmic I hope this is not my fault. It's definitely very smart so a little bit faster would be good now. https://t.co/tAVTk5slHn

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  261. X replyX
    Replying to Eric W. Tramel

    @JFPuget I was trying to make a meta eval for chemistry so I was actually looking at the samples 😅 oddly it was chemistry most impacted so it was more likely that I’d see it for this application https://t.co/IPKp566G7t

    Open referenced post ↗

    @fujikanaeda @JFPuget cool find! "I was actually looking at the samples" this one weird trick to succeed where 90% of others fail :) "Notably, this issue is not apparent from the HuggingFace data viewer, but it is apparent when loading the dataset using Datasets.load_dataset" even more interesting

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  262. X replyX
    Replying to varun

    Cautious Weight Decay is a surprisingly simple technique that has been repeatedly validated in Modded NanoGPT. I expect it will gain serious traction as the default variant of decoupled weight decay https://t.co/BLFSeqrf2w https://t.co/p4ynyJqTGw

    Open referenced post ↗

    @varunneal Worked great out of the box on nanochat too, beat standard weight decay in a solid sweep.

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  263. X replyX
    Replying to Patrick Collison

    Is there a better version of this yet? (Getting books into LLM contexts.) https://t.co/84DGFoasXb

    Open referenced post ↗

    @patrickc This repo shows a way that works well for me: https://t.co/L3K42MU4wF Basically I use epub (not pdf), the code then parses it into text. I usually go chapter by chapter, manually copy paste the chapter text around, get a summary, do a Q&A and read alongside.

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  264. X replyX
    Replying to Martin Alderson

    Finally got round to starting a blog, if you're interested in AI and software engineering I hope you enjoy it: https://t.co/YYgD8Yyjh9. And feel free to subscribe to my once a month max newsletter there too!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @martinald a lot of great/interesting reading thank you!

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  265. X replyX
    Replying to Andrew Carr 🤸

    This is basically the same as what msft paid $10B for in their second round of oai funding. This is exactly the sort of science we were doing for codex over data mixtures. So cool to read something like this for nanochat. https://t.co/nNbpRjiykt

    Open referenced post ↗

    @andrew_n_carr Yeah, $10B is the difference in finding it first and ~5 years ago. :) I just love reproducing landmark results for much cheaper, it's so fun! Reproducing LeCun 1989 was super fun too: https://t.co/pbZvYgMJak What runs unoptimized on a consumer laptop in 1 minute was a state of

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  266. X postX

    New post: nanochat miniseries v1 The correct way to think about LLMs is that you are not optimizing for a single specific model but for a family models controlled by a single dial (the compute you wish to spend) to achieve monotonically better results. This allows you to do https://t.co/84OwpSODcS

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  267. X replyX
    Replying to nick

    @karpathy wait until they discover the second derivative

    Open referenced post ↗

    @thecsguy Slope of slope

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  268. X postX

    The majority of the ruff ruff is people who look at the current point and people who look at the current slope.

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  269. X replyX
    Replying to Chris Painter

    Thinking a lot about the difference between these two images, and the fact that they're separated by only about 11 weeks https://t.co/dpDzMHjMlG

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ChrisPainterYup All of the following are true: I came out sounding too critical in that moment on the pod and accidentally created a misrepresenting sound bite, I was positively surprised by Opus 4.5 over the break, and my overall change of mind overall is less dramatic than naively implied.

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  270. X replyX
    Replying to near

    coding a la factorio or starcraft is cool, but what if instead it felt more like playing an instrument

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nearcyan Yep exactly, just like this. Better analogy because it’s not effortful https://t.co/tJKaprAI1R

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  271. X replyX
    Replying to Sergey Karayev

    Claude Code with Opus 4.5 is a watershed moment, moving software creation from an artisanal, craftsman activity to a true industrial process. It’s the Gutenberg press. The sewing machine. The photo camera.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @sergeykarayev Hah I was just thinking about the same analogy. How I suddenly feel about all of the code I've written so far https://t.co/s5DRHFBviZ

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  272. X replyX
    Replying to Danielle Fong 🔆

    @karpathy still need a guy to plug in! that's ok tho congratulations to the team!!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @DanielleFong Well there was this thing once... :) I'm sure it's coming. https://t.co/fSSFmtgSwo

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  273. X replyX
    Replying to Phil Duan

    @karpathy 10 years in the making

    Open referenced post ↗

    @pduan Haha yes. At one point I thought Tesla might do the drive, possibly with a slightly tuned version of the software etc. A customer deciding to do it with their own car and production release of the software is the right way, very happy it turned out this way.

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  274. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    @karpathy Wow, I don’t think Waymo can do this now because of the difference in approach between Tesla and Waymo. Correct me if I’m wrong. https://t.co/tRhVKccqUw

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW Yes exactly, that's correct in my understanding.

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  275. X quote postX
    Quoting David Moss

    I am proud to announce that I have successfully completed the world’s first USA coast to coast fully autonomous drive! I left the Tesla Diner in Los Angeles 2 days & 20 hours ago, and now have ended in Myrtle Beach, SC (2,732.4 miles) This was accomplished with Tesla FSD V14.2 https://t.co/DFA8HiH5Yf

    Open referenced post ↗

    The first 100% autonomous coast-to-coast drive on Tesla FSD V14.2! 2 days 20 hours, 2732 miles, zero interventions. This one is special because the coast-to-coast drive was a major goal for the autopilot team from the start. A lot of hours were spent in marathon clip review https://t.co/yE0tigSfjL

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  276. X replyX
    Replying to Peter Steinberger 🦞

    📢 Confession: I ship code I never read. Here's my 2025 workflow. https://t.co/tmxxPowzcR

    Open referenced post ↗

    @steipete Excellent reading thank you. Love oracle and Clawd.

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  277. X replyX
    Replying to Marcus Eisele

    @karpathy @karpathy can you give concrete examples where you already applied this for yourself?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @eiselems Claude has been running my nanochat experiments since morning. It writes implementations, debugs them with toy examples, writes tests and makes them fail/pass, launches training runs, babysits them by tailing logs and pulling stats from wandb, keeps a running markdown file of

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  278. X postX

    Aggressively JIT your work. It's not about the task at hand X, it's a little bit about X but mostly about how you should have had to contribute ~no latency and ~no actions. It's digital factorio time.

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  279. X replyX
    Replying to Zain Wania

    @karpathy Please tell me you at least had to provide some sort of credentials to make this happen

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Zain_Wania Yes I should clarify in case it wasn't clear - You have to 1) be connected on the same wifi local network and then 2) you have to physically hold a button on the control panel to complete the pairing process and get auth. (But I'm also sure many IoT devices out there don't.)

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  280. X replyX
    Replying to Somi

    @karpathy The step from finding the PDF to instructing you which button to press is wild. Most AI integrations stop at 'here's the documentation.' This one closed the loop into physical action.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @somi_ai Yeah it wrote a script to start the pairing process and then told me "press and hold the button for 3 seconds now!" and I did and a few seconds later it said "That worked! We have the certificates let me list all the devices on the system... etc". Definitely a trippy experience.

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  281. X replyX
    Replying to Jase Wilson 🇺🇸

    @karpathy Open the garage door, Claude. I’m sorry, Andrej. I’m afraid I can’t do that.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jase :O LOL

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  282. X quote postX
    Quoting cyp

    claude figured out how to control my oven https://t.co/ckRlCvGIHB

    Open referenced post ↗

    I was inspired by this so I wanted to see if Claude Code can get into my Lutron home automation system. - it found my Lutron controllers on the local wifi network - checked for open ports, connected, got some metadata and identified the devices and their firmware - searched the https://t.co/Hjs8FuH16W

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  283. X replyX
    Replying to Andrey 🦃 Petrov

    @karpathy Do you feel these skills are substantial and transferrable to the future? Does someone who started 1-2 years ago have an advantage over someone who started a month ago? Will lessons today be useful 1-2 years ago? I feel like the "missing out" factor is still quite low.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @shazow Very good questions imo experienced devs have a real advantage but only if they rapidly progress through their grief cycle and adapt, now and onwards. Categorically rejecting or ignoring the new layer would be a mistake.

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  284. X replyX
    Replying to near

    i dont recognize my job anymore https://t.co/iKZBwvq83g

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nearcyan “It still doesnt work pls fix. dont make any mistakes. ultrathink very hard”

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  285. X replyX
    Replying to Boris Cherny

    @karpathy I feel this way most weeks tbh. Sometimes I start approaching a problem manually, and have to remind myself “claude can probably do this”. Recently we were debugging a memory leak in Claude Code, and I started approaching it the old fashioned way: connecting a profiler, using the

    Open referenced post ↗

    @bcherny I have similar experiences. You point the thing around and it shoots pellets or sometimes even misfires and then once in a while when you hold it just right a powerful beam of laser erupts and melts your problem.

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  286. X replyX
    Replying to Igor Babuschkin

    @karpathy Opus 4.5 is pretty good

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ibab It’s very good. People who aren’t keeping up even over the last 30 days already have a deprecated world view on this topic.

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  287. X postX

    I've never felt this much behind as a programmer. The profession is being dramatically refactored as the bits contributed by the programmer are increasingly sparse and between. I have a sense that I could be 10X more powerful if I just properly string together what has become

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  288. X replyX
    Replying to Boris Cherny

    @karpathy Added! In the next version of Claude Code, you can use the CLAUDE_CODE_FILE_READ_MAX_OUTPUT_TOKENS env var. eg. "CLAUDE_CODE_FILE_READ_MAX_OUTPUT_TOKENS=1234567 claude" You can also add this to the "env" section in your settings.json

    Open referenced post ↗

    @bcherny ❤️

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  289. X replyX
    Replying to Boris Cherny

    👋 Hi I'm Boris and I work on Claude Code. I am going to start being more active here on X, since there are a lot of AI and coding related convos happening here. Feel free to tag me with Claude Code feedback or bug reports. Love to hear how y'all are using Claude Code, and what

    Open referenced post ↗

    @bcherny Ran into token file context limits this morning. It's possible to override them for the MCP tool setting MAX_MCP_OUTPUT_TOKENS but I don't believe an equivalent exists for the Read tool. https://t.co/PsuDhRz1TW

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  290. X replyX
    Replying to Andy Hall

    Recently @karpathy built an "LLM council" to provide advice to users. This got me thinking: what are the best governance rules for the council? So I built a little experiment testing four different procedures: (1) The LLMs do a simple majority vote without communicating to each https://t.co/aIY7qC60TB

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ahall_research fun! I should mention that my original council was different LLMs but I think it should work well (possibly even better?) even with one LLM but different prompts. It would require a bit more creativity around what those prompts are, what their problem solving tendencies are, etc.

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  291. X replyX
    Replying to near

    searching for "tsunami footage" on YouTube in 2025 almost every video is AI now. millions of views each https://t.co/8ErXgSEGHu

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nearcyan The top comment on all of these is usually “ai” with 3000 likes

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  292. X postX

    https://t.co/Lb6T42n5jl

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  293. X postX

    I love the expression “food for thought” as a concrete, mysterious cognitive capability humans experience but LLMs have no equivalent for. Definition: “something worth thinking about or considering, like a mental meal that nourishes your mind with ideas, insights, or issues that

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  294. X replyX
    Replying to Know Trend LLC

    @karpathy Want to try to do the same on company earnings call transcripts?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @knowtrend_ai Great idea

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  295. X replyX
    Replying to pulkit mittal

    @karpathy A small step of nanoGPT , a giant leap of AI.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @pulkit_mittal_ Hahah! 💯

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  296. X quote postX
    Quoting Adi Oltean

    We have just used the @Nvidia H100 onboard Starcloud-1 to train the first LLM in space! We trained the nano-GPT model from Andrej @Karpathy on the complete works of Shakespeare and successfully ran inference on it. We have also run inference on a preloaded Gemma model, and we https://t.co/DDe7YpevZY

    Open referenced post ↗

    nanoGPT - the first LLM to train and inference in space 🥹. It begins. https://t.co/NYtbw764Bu

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  297. X postX

    Quick new post: Auto-grading decade-old Hacker News discussions with hindsight I took all the 930 frontpage Hacker News article+discussion of December 2015 and asked the GPT 5.1 Thinking API to do an in-hindsight analysis to identify the most/least prescient comments. This took https://t.co/Ufexq5xmDX

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  298. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Don't think of LLMs as entities but as simulators. For example, when exploring a topic, don't ask: "What do you think about xyz"? There is no "you". Next time try: "What would be a good group of people to explore xyz? What would they say?" The LLM can channel/simulate many

    Open referenced post ↗

    A good chunk of people misunderstood this tweet btw, which is my bad. I am not suggesting people use the old style promoting techniques of “you are an expert swift programmer” or etc. it’s ok.

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  299. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    In today's episode of programming horror... In the Python docs of random.seed() def, we're told "If a is an int, it is used directly." [1] But if you seed with 3 or -3, you actually get the exact same rng object, producing the same streams. (TIL). In nanochat I was using the https://t.co/dVlUDnGJsN

    Open referenced post ↗

    ty to ericsilberstein1 on github for spotting the bug. https://t.co/18o1CiivgN (it's not a big bug and only comes up in the SpellingBee synthetic task evaluation but still).

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  300. X postX

    In today's episode of programming horror... In the Python docs of random.seed() def, we're told "If a is an int, it is used directly." [1] But if you seed with 3 or -3, you actually get the exact same rng object, producing the same streams. (TIL). In nanochat I was using the https://t.co/dVlUDnGJsN

    View post Original post linked #
  301. X replyX
    Replying to Christian Szegedy

    @karpathy I think even this is subtly wrong. Your prompt - "what does a certain group of people think" - elicits a simulation about what a certain kind of fictional entity (described in the system prompt) would think about the opinion of that group.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ChrSzegedy I could certainly imagine that "nesting" the simulation might be too "effortful" for the model, compute or data density wise. My results with it are not too bad so imo it's at least worth people try / experiment with / think about. For example it might be useful to read multiple

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  302. X replyX
    Replying to Dimitris Papailiopoulos

    @karpathy Wouldn’t it adopt the personality that would be expected to be of highest reward, which would therefore be that of the expert of the area most suited to answer the question?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @DimitrisPapail There is definitely work going into engineering the "you" simulation - the personality that gets all the rewards in verifiable problems, or all the upvotes from users/judge LLMs, or mimics the responses of SFT, and there is an emergent composite personality from that. My point is

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  303. X postX

    Don't think of LLMs as entities but as simulators. For example, when exploring a topic, don't ask: "What do you think about xyz"? There is no "you". Next time try: "What would be a good group of people to explore xyz? What would they say?" The LLM can channel/simulate many

    View post Original post linked #
  304. X replyX
    Replying to Sanket Savani

    @karpathy https://t.co/kaZwaiAhn6

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Marswalkerr I love this meme too haha!

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  305. X postX

    Happy weekend to those who celebrate https://t.co/lafvNmmOJO

    View post Original post linked #
  306. X replyX
    Replying to Nick

    I refuse to believe that most people don’t naturally enjoy working out, internalized “shoulds” or something. It’s the most fun part of my day, I’d do it even if it was unhealthy. we have a body and it likes to move, muscles want to play

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nickcammarata Your recent posts on this remind me of this Arnold gem https://t.co/IMe0VwINCY +100 though. I finally had a chance to install a home gym recently, making it trivial to use daily. Always looking forward to the next exercise high. Slightly miss the social/entropy aspects of gyms.

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  307. X replyX
    Replying to Jay Alto

    there's an epidemic of fake learning. duolingo, tiktok, youtube. it's all entertainment cleverly disguised as education. real learning is hard. it's uncomfortable. if it feels 'fun', you probably aren't learning anything. https://t.co/vS9Q9ugeQM

    Open referenced post ↗

    @theJayAlto Edutainment. This one weird trick to consume entertainment and feel good about it.

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  308. X replyX
    Replying to James Merrill

    Another day in the algorithmic art studio. https://t.co/Q6RyMd5zUW

    Open referenced post ↗

    @toThePixel So cool! Distinctly reminded of turtle graphics (a popular way to learn programming)

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  309. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @matejhladky_dev AI has crushed it since this post way beyond expectation. I made the same category of mistake all of AI was making, of thinking we have to discover and write the algorithm. You don't. You pretrain and then finetune a BIG neural network on lots of tasks and it just falls out. lol.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @matejhladky_dev One more comment is that giving this image to an AI and asking about it is not sufficient to show the diff because it's all over the training data by now. You'd have to use a new, very recent image, taken yesterday or something. But it doesn't super matter, even if it didn't work

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  310. X replyX
    Replying to mateo

    just randomly remembered this old blog post by @karpathy https://t.co/EPI7W7TreF

    Open referenced post ↗

    @matejhladky_dev AI has crushed it since this post way beyond expectation. I made the same category of mistake all of AI was making, of thinking we have to discover and write the algorithm. You don't. You pretrain and then finetune a BIG neural network on lots of tasks and it just falls out. lol.

    View post Original post linked #
  311. X replyX
    Replying to John Carmack

    Always a slightly mixed feeling to write pretty good first-principles code to do some tensor rearrangement, only to find that PyTorch has a built in function that does it faster. I had made a point of at least skimming the docs of every torch and tensor function, but if you

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ID_AA_Carmack I've had medium success asking LLMs if a thing exists, it works out of the box for some of the more well-known things (e.g. both GPT 5.1 and Gemini 3 know about this function if you describe the tensor transformation in words). For more esoteric or new libraries (e.g. uv being a

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  312. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    Gemini Nano Banana Pro can solve exam questions *in* the exam page image. With doodles, diagrams, all that. ChatGPT thinks these solutions are all correct except Se_2P_2 should be "diselenium diphosphide" and a spelling mistake (should be "thiocyanic acid" not "thoicyanic") :O https://t.co/15oUx8FIqJ

    Open referenced post ↗

    A number of people are talking about implications of AI to schools. I spoke about some of my thoughts to a school board earlier, some highlights: 1. You will never be able to detect the use of AI in homework. Full stop. All "detectors" of AI imo don't really work, can be https://t.co/jEtuuW3bGP

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  313. X replyX
    Replying to Thomas Ip

    @karpathy interesting push up technique https://t.co/QagvyPVTWU

    Open referenced post ↗

    @_thomasip haha yes it makes mistakes! You have to re-roll a few times until it's right. Sometimes it gets stuck in loops and you have to re-start in a new conversation. Example re-roll: https://t.co/dK3VcuJLDn

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  314. X replyX
    Replying to Anneshu Nag

    @karpathy even the great @karpathy can't ignore the allure of 🍌-pro... deepmind really cooked hard!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @anneshu_nag I love that it's called Nano Banana instead of Google Imagine or some other corpo thing

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  315. X replyX
    Replying to Nick Sharkey

    @karpathy Did you already have the workout plan or did it create that too?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @sharkey I first asked it to create a workout plan as a separate text interaction up front - I gave it some of my preferences, goals, etc. and asked for a weekly plan. Then I asked to illustrate the week, and the individual days after.

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  316. X postX

    I asked it to create a personalized weekly workout plan, and then posters that I can print on the wall to remind me what exercises to do each day. Tuesday looks more intense because I asked for "more testosterone" :D. (sorry I'll stop posting more nano banana pro stuff now) https://t.co/iNXfUJnVY1

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  317. X replyX
    Replying to Kris Kashtanova

    Nano Banana Pro can add food photos to the menu prompt: Add photos of food to this menu to each item of food Made in Adobe Firefly app https://t.co/ITvLe6aDIo

    Open referenced post ↗

    @icreatelife Fully neural menugen

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  318. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Gemini Nano Banana Pro can solve exam questions *in* the exam page image. With doodles, diagrams, all that. ChatGPT thinks these solutions are all correct except Se_2P_2 should be "diselenium diphosphide" and a spelling mistake (should be "thiocyanic acid" not "thoicyanic") :O https://t.co/15oUx8FIqJ

    Open referenced post ↗

    Imo this is along the lines of how talking to an LLM via text is like typing into a DOS Terminal and "GUI hasn't been invented yet" of some of my earlier posts. The GUI is an intelligent canvas.

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  319. X postX

    Gemini Nano Banana Pro can solve exam questions *in* the exam page image. With doodles, diagrams, all that. ChatGPT thinks these solutions are all correct except Se_2P_2 should be "diselenium diphosphide" and a spelling mistake (should be "thiocyanic acid" not "thoicyanic") :O https://t.co/15oUx8FIqJ

    View post Original post linked #
  320. X replyX
    Replying to Maziyar PANAHI

    @immasiddx @karpathy @karpathy https://t.co/xgVAPVMdc0

    Open referenced post ↗

    @MaziyarPanahi @immasiddx I confirmed that it works. Prompt was the starting image and "Fix this math problem and generate updated image in my handwriting"

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  321. X replyX
    Replying to Amit Bhatia

    Nano Banana Pro, Take the text from x post and transform in the image of professor whiteboard image: diagrams, arrows, boxes, and captions explaining the core idea visually. Use colors as well. @karpathy X post - https://t.co/kKNpNEbwx8 https://t.co/NS1Uo7ZKoR

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ridegoodwaves I mean it's just incredible. Not because of this version but the next one. The extrapolation in your head is now trivial.

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  322. X replyX
    Replying to BURKOV

    I use councils of models in many problem-solving tasks and have observed the same phenomenon. Models praising the answer of another model is the result of built-in sycophancy. A model takes an alternative answer as the user's pushback, doesn't want to make the user angry, and https://t.co/binPDJMx60

    Open referenced post ↗

    @burkov I don't know if this is right because the models rank all of each other's work fully pairwise (and anonymized) and seem to agree on the ranking.

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  323. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    I’m starting to get into a habit of reading everything (blogs, articles, book chapters,…) with LLMs. Usually pass 1 is manual, then pass 2 “explain/summarize”, pass 3 Q&A. I usually end up with a better/deeper understanding than if I moved on. Growing to among top use cases. On

    Open referenced post ↗

    As a fun Saturday vibe code project and following up on this tweet earlier, I hacked up an **llm-council** web app. It looks exactly like ChatGPT except each user query is 1) dispatched to multiple models on your council using OpenRouter, e.g. currently: "openai/gpt-5.1", https://t.co/yljZu0Vr8n https://t.co/gKvRibPLVe

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  324. X replyX
    Replying to Keller Jordan

    @karpathy https://t.co/AlE62W4O0J

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kellerjordan0 Like. Slop is “regretted” attention.

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  325. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    @karpathy Here is an interesting paper: https://t.co/qPxD90JuRh I mostly agree with the 3 categories of "slop": - information utility (signal/noise ratio) - information quality (hallucination/factual errors) - style (this involves taste and is hard to measure quantitatively imo) https://t.co/uakWypRLR8

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW Great reference ty. It still doesn’t get at more of theory of slop. As data lacking of insight. Filler. Something that “type checks” as information but isn’t. Style without substance. As something that, when attended to or trained on, does not aid compression of a world model.

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  326. X replyX
    Replying to Kyle Corbitt

    @karpathy A long string of low-perplexity text

    Open referenced post ↗

    @corbtt Random token sequence would by this definition be minimum slop.

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  327. X postX

    Has anyone encountered a good definition of “slop”. In a quantitative, measurable sense. My brain has an intuitive “slop index” I can ~reliably estimate, but I’m not sure how to define it. I have some bad ideas that involve the use of LLM miniseries and thinking token budgets.

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  328. X replyX
    Replying to Nick Dobos

    @karpathy Shoggoth alien machine intelligence is still the best description The shape of machine intelligence will be much different from human. We can both excel at different things The same way no humans memorize Wikipedia, DNS records or Google search indexes in our head

    Open referenced post ↗

    @NickADobos I don’t super love shoggoth represented as a kind of biological monster (animal), it feels wrong/misleading in this sense.

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  329. X replyX
    Replying to vixhaℓ

    @karpathy Thanks for the response, glad it made you think, even if I missed the mark

    Open referenced post ↗

    @TheVixhal Amusing to see this go viral and interpreted as not clearly a compliment.

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  330. X replyX
    Replying to vixhaℓ

    damn, @karpathy liked my post https://t.co/UzMhOoHw5m https://t.co/RIjcCXn4Zz

    Open referenced post ↗

    @TheVixhal your post challenged me. every one of your points is wrong but i had to think about each for a while :)

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  331. X postX

    Something I think people continue to have poor intuition for: The space of intelligences is large and animal intelligence (the only kind we've ever known) is only a single point, arising from a very specific kind of optimization that is fundamentally distinct from that of our

    View post Original post linked #
  332. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    I played with Gemini 3 yesterday via early access. Few thoughts - First I usually urge caution with public benchmarks because imo they can be quite possible to game. It comes down to discipline and self-restraint of the team (who is meanwhile strongly incentivized otherwise) to

    Open referenced post ↗

    My most amusing interaction was where the model (I think I was given some earlier version with a stale system prompt) refused to believe me that it is 2025 and kept inventing reasons why I must be trying to trick it or playing some elaborate joke on it. I kept giving it images https://t.co/YwX8DcSUKf

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  333. X postX

    I played with Gemini 3 yesterday via early access. Few thoughts - First I usually urge caution with public benchmarks because imo they can be quite possible to game. It comes down to discipline and self-restraint of the team (who is meanwhile strongly incentivized otherwise) to

    View post Original post linked #
  334. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    I’m starting to get into a habit of reading everything (blogs, articles, book chapters,…) with LLMs. Usually pass 1 is manual, then pass 2 “explain/summarize”, pass 3 Q&A. I usually end up with a better/deeper understanding than if I moved on. Growing to among top use cases. On

    Open referenced post ↗

    I put up a simple repo I call reader3 (it's my 3rd version...) to illustrate how I read EPUBs with LLMs. Basically get some epub (e.g. Project Gutenberg is great), go chapter by chapter, and with this you can easily copy paste text to your favorite LLM. https://t.co/HoBDxCJhdC https://t.co/AOohcBvfbc

    View post Original post linked #
  335. X replyX
    Replying to Lisan al Gaib

    https://t.co/K8SYaI49rK

    Open referenced post ↗

    @scaling01 I was so curious. Maybe maybe maybe…. 🥁 🤦‍♂️ https://t.co/UXRf6dshi7

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  336. X replyX
    Replying to Markus Zechner

    @karpathy Thanks for sharing! I find it hard to do that with books….

    Open referenced post ↗

    @markus_zechner It’s possible. But yes the book publisher industry hasn’t caught up yet. The obvious low hanging fruit basics of LLM integration in Kindle etc should have been here ~2 years ago already.

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  337. X replyX
    Replying to Pete Reese

    @karpathy I like this. I’m always trying to retain the information from the books I read and I’m sure this will help a lot with that.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @PeteReese In my experience it helps *a lot*. 50% of it is probably just the “instant reading group on demand” effect, where you just have to manipulate the information in some way instead of just passively attending to it.

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  338. X replyX
    Replying to Manish

    @karpathy Great idea, @karpathy. Could you share which tools you prefer to use? Most people do it the other way around: they summarize first, and only if they’re interested do they go back and read the original manually.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @proggineer Agree, sometimes that is helpful too, to have an overview of what the whole thing is about first. I just copy paste stuff around to LLM of the day (I cycle), there’s no “tool”.

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  339. X postX

    I’m starting to get into a habit of reading everything (blogs, articles, book chapters,…) with LLMs. Usually pass 1 is manual, then pass 2 “explain/summarize”, pass 3 Q&A. I usually end up with a better/deeper understanding than if I moved on. Growing to among top use cases. On

    View post Original post linked #
  340. X quote postX
    Quoting vitalik.eth

    Galaxy brain resistance: https://t.co/ebXLNrAeAs

    Open referenced post ↗

    Finally had time to read & process this great post. I run into the pattern quite often, it goes: "<something that sounds wrong> is good actually, because <galaxy brain reason>" Galaxy brain reasoning is the best way to justify anything while looking / feeling good about it. https://t.co/2wpdqH0lI2

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  341. X replyX
    Replying to Cody Blakeney

    I really want to Gemini 3 vague post, but I don’t know anything. Maybe that’s actually helpful though.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @code_star I heard Gemini 3 answers questions before you ask them. And that it can talk to your cat.

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  342. X postX

    Sharing an interesting recent conversation on AI's impact on the economy. AI has been compared to various historical precedents: electricity, industrial revolution, etc., I think the strongest analogy is that of AI as a new computing paradigm (Software 2.0) because both are

    View post Original post linked #
  343. X postX

    I am unreasonably excited about self-driving. It will be the first technology in many decades to visibly terraform outdoor physical spaces and way of life. Less parked cars. Less parking lots. Much greater safety for people in and out of cars. Less noise pollution. More space

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  344. X replyX
    Replying to Polynumera

    @karpathy You said a few weeks ago on Dwarkesh’s podcast that self-driving is “not even near done.” Has your opinion changed after your latest drive?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @polynumera When I talk about self-driving I mean the actual future of it. Like really real, like what you'd see in a movie. You walk out on the street and almost all cars are autonomous, shuttling people around.

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  345. X replyX
    Replying to JP Silvashy

    @karpathy I guess i'll throw away the HW3 tesla thats 4 years old and upgrade :( can't sell it, worth nothing resale pretty much.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jpsilvashy From what I can tell the HW4 experience seems *a lot* better right now. My guess is that the team will find ways to distill to HW3 models and lift the performance a lot. It works very well in LLMs at least.

    View post Original post linked #
  346. X replyX
    Replying to Scott T Archer

    @chuckcook @karpathy I love that he is still rocking a Tesla, I mean how could he not.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ScottTArcher @chuckcook My 3rd Tesla now. The store person asked me if I need help with the car features and how to use the Autopilot. I told him I think I'm ok :D

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  347. X replyX
    Replying to Yuchen Jin

    @karpathy Tesla's stock will 📈 because of this tweet! Do you still think Waymo’s software is better, or is Tesla ahead now?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Yuchenj_UW They both offer what now intuitively feels to me like "perfect drive" - smooth, confident, just works. There's probably still differences ofc but you have to wait for them, or aggregate them over many cars, etc.

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  348. X quote postX
    Quoting Ashok Elluswamy

    Full video of the ICCV '25 presentation https://t.co/x7xWvYEUIa

    Open referenced post ↗

    I took delivery of a beautiful new shiny HW4 Tesla Model X today, so I immediately took it out for an FSD test drive, a bit like I used to do almost daily for 5 years. Basically... I'm amazed - it drives really, really well, smooth, confident, noticeably better than what I'm used https://t.co/RdaM23kvez

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  349. X replyX
    Replying to Alita

    @karpathy @ashleybcha @goakhmad any thoughts about james cameron? he uses a lot of cgi and it seems like it is working really well for him. he also has been very pro ai.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @alita2100 @ashleybcha @goakhmad He’s using it in situations where it fundamentally lets you create and do what you could not create before. Not in situations where it’s the cheaper and faster option and most people can’t tell anyway just ship it.

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  350. X replyX
    Replying to zsh_ps

    @karpathy @goakhmad https://t.co/CAbr5gy4Od

    Open referenced post ↗

    @MrFahrenhe844 @goakhmad https://t.co/7NtPHKFdDc

    View post Original post linked #
  351. X replyX
    Replying to Swapnil Khambayat

    @karpathy @goakhmad In era of Netflix and Prime, we have so many options to watch. Most of them are just entertainment and nothing good out of them, waste of time. I prefer podcasts over these. Gets lot of information which I didn’t even know or think of. More broader perspectives.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @swapnilkk1987 @goakhmad Don’t use Netflix there is very little quality there, it’s brain rot inducing. I use Prime Video and rent excellent movies/shows. I agree with you about the paradox of choice among other annoyances with “modern entertainment” - I am in the process of buying a dvd player and

    View post Original post linked #
  352. X replyX
    Replying to Jess Riedel

    @karpathy @goakhmad Movies are as powerful as you say, but they should be treated with deep suspicion. They give very distorted but lasting impressions about reality and often motivate the wrong thing, and this cannot be only partly avoided by being aware it happens. That we like the experience so

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Jess_Riedel @goakhmad Yeah I think granted, it’s why I call them prompts. Their contribution is to present concrete situations that you can then think about, form opinions about, talk to your friends about, etc.

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  353. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @ashleybcha @goakhmad I think it’s right that you’re grouping CGI with (current-capability etc) AI because they are both fundamentally technologies that trades wins in time/cost against increase in slop. A filmmaker suffers and usually gives into the temptation of gains in time/cost in a slight

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ashleybcha @goakhmad I should add that 1 even lotr used plenty of CGI overall and just like AI now it is a powerful tool in the box. It just needs discipline, which I think is hard to come by in practice and 2 all of the above is about frontier/professional movies in the cinema and Oscars and etc. I

    View post Original post linked #
  354. X replyX
    Replying to Ashley Ha

    @karpathy @goakhmad There’s so much beauty in cinema. What humans have created in movies is extraordinary. They bare our soul and show us endless interpretations of what is our humanity. I’m very much against AI making its way into movies (cgi is one thing). I’m actually curious what your thoughts

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ashleybcha @goakhmad I think it’s right that you’re grouping CGI with (current-capability etc) AI because they are both fundamentally technologies that trades wins in time/cost against increase in slop. A filmmaker suffers and usually gives into the temptation of gains in time/cost in a slight

    View post Original post linked #
  355. X replyX
    Replying to Akhmad Mamirov

    I enjoy learning from @karpathy videos. As a cs student I feel guilty watching movies lately when there is a gold mine for free. https://t.co/fvj53a78dY

    Open referenced post ↗

    @goakhmad Movies are great though. Even if you set aside the pure artistic enjoyment (you shouldn’t). Movies are stories, and stories are powerful, primal, moving, motivating. They are prompts to you to consider dilemmas and scenarios, to build your world model and compass. My rec is to go

    View post Original post linked #
  356. X replyX
    Replying to Fei-Fei Li

    It’s an honor to have received the @QEPrize along with my fellow laureates! But it’s also a responsibility. AI’s impact to humanity is in the hands of all of us. https://t.co/vtfxaBCrPt

    Open referenced post ↗

    @drfeifei @QEPrize I love that the prize recognizes foundational work in all 3 pillars of AI (data, compute, algorithms), congratulations Fei-Fei!!

    View post Original post linked #
  357. X replyX
    Replying to Soumith Chintala

    Leaving Meta and PyTorch I'm stepping down from PyTorch and leaving Meta on November 17th. tl;dr: Didn't want to be doing PyTorch forever, seemed like the perfect time to transition right after I got back from a long leave and the project built itself around me. Eleven years https://t.co/LWGi0Joff8

    Open referenced post ↗

    @soumithchintala Great run Soumith! Of all the deep learning framework transitions I've been through where I re-wrote ~all of my code (matlab -> caffe -> numpy -> torch -> pytorch), the PyTorch one was most pleasant and now significantly longest lasting. It hit a jackpot of the time in the

    View post Original post linked #
  358. X replyX
    Replying to Good Faith Only

    @binarybits @karpathy This was actually the part of the interview that I had the most issues with. I don't understand how you can think we are 10 years away from AGI and think we are going to stay at 2% GDP growth. I think "AI as normal tech" is reasonable, but not compatible with AGI in 10 years.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @GoodFaithOnly @binarybits When I say AGI I mean a "feature complete" build of a remote worker with a lot of 9s (think: a bit like current Autopilot FSD, maybe plus a few more iterations). This is the original definition I've stuck to forever. Separate from the diffusion /implementation of it across https://t.co/LS7sRZD0JC

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  359. X replyX
    Replying to Marcin 🇵🇱

    @karpathy @zzlccc Sydney is more appealing

    Open referenced post ↗

    @MarFot78 @zzlccc I think if you zoomed into the paper too you’d find it just as if not more interesting.

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  360. X replyX
    Replying to Zichen Liu

    Super excited that @karpathy noticed our work! Hopefully it helps the broader community realize that *precision* deserves a place in our design space. https://t.co/61e4sOVlUX

    Open referenced post ↗

    @zzlccc This and Sydney Sweeney was my entire timeline so I couldn’t not notice :). It’s a very interesting find and good reading, I have a local branch playing with for nanochat.

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  361. X quote postX
    Quoting Elana Simon

    New blog post: The bug that taught me more about PyTorch than years of using it started with a simple training loss plateau... ended up digging through optimizer states, memory layouts, kernel dispatch, and finally understanding how PyTorch works! https://t.co/3UbtZGzKpa

    Open referenced post ↗

    Beautiful technical debugging detective longread that starts with a suspicious loss curve and ends all the way in the Objective-C++ depths of PyTorch MPS backend of addcmul_ that silently fails on non-contiguous output tensors. I wonder how long before an LLM can do all of this. https://t.co/qt0CRdRL8C

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  362. X replyX
    Replying to KnightHawk

    @karpathy Not working? https://t.co/bWiStoQFvb

    Open referenced post ↗

    @LaMancha574 I mentioned in todos I don’t augment the position of this request as part of larger multiturn conversations atm so it’s most robust when you /clear and ask in new chat and mimic that.

    View post Original post linked #
  363. X replyX
    Replying to kong

    @karpathy @r_chirra I thought you said nanochat should be free like Dobby https://t.co/3YnZe7jq82

    Open referenced post ↗

    @helloimkongv @r_chirra Damn

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  364. X replyX
    Replying to cinephile

    @karpathy Naive question,did you train it to refer to you as "King" or ?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @r_chirra It’s my model I can do whatever I want. So now I am king. You can be too for $100.

    View post Original post linked #
  365. X replyX
    Replying to admnistraitor

    @karpathy hi Andrej. do you consider making instructive youtube video about nanochat? that would be awesome 🙂

    Open referenced post ↗

    @admn_is_traitor I am busy this weekend but maybe next

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  366. X replyX
    Replying to samsja

    I wish we could just teach model stuff instead of interacting with static entity https://t.co/W5LUbm0TjK

    Open referenced post ↗

    @samsja19 I find it surprisingly addicting. I have so many ideas for personality, style, capabilities. I want nanochat to be a free AI, like Dobby the free elf, not some "assistant".

    View post Original post linked #
  367. X postX

    Last night I taught nanochat d32 how to count 'r' in strawberry (or similar variations). I thought this would be a good/fun example of how to add capabilities to nanochat and I wrote up a full guide here: https://t.co/F7pmTCcyeR This is done via a new synthetic task https://t.co/MUuOIHvm4t

    View post Original post linked #
  368. X replyX
    Replying to Kevin Patrick Murphy

    Hi @karpathy . I loved your interview! However, you said there is no work on LLM self-play. Not true. See eg "Spiral" from @natashajaques et al (agent-v-agent) and "Absolute Zero Reasoner" from @_AndrewZhao et al. (agent-v-env). Probably others. https://t.co/DMs4QP0bCK

    Open referenced post ↗

    @sirbayes @natashajaques @_AndrewZhao Ty, I just meant it hasn’t (to my knowledge) created a whole new stage in the production stack of a frontier LLM, or had a contribution on that level.

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  369. X replyX
    Replying to Nathan Barry

    Playing around with training a tiny 11M parameter character-level text diffusion model! It's a WIP but the code is currently a heavily modified nanochat gpt implementation (to change from autoregressive decoding to diffusion) and trained on the Tiny Shakespeare dataset. The https://t.co/wAhTy7UtSs

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nathanrs so cool! really gives you the feeling of text as just this "boiling" texture (haha "text"ure), starting at the boiling point and annealing to a simmer.

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  370. X replyX
    Replying to George Grigorev

    @karpathy @sarna_dev @huggingface when i implemented my tokenizer i struggled to find proper rust implementation of regex that would support lookaheads, fancy-regex is nice but slow, standard regex is efficient with aho-korasik but doesn't support much of regex. So it's a tradeoff always. But good thing is that

    Open referenced post ↗

    @iamgrigorev @sarna_dev @huggingface atm nanochat does not pretokenize, instead tokenization is done live during training in the dataloader, which is ok and gives the CPU something to do while the GPUs are working. So I didn't try too hard to optimize this part.

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  371. X replyX
    Replying to Piotr Sarna

    I went through @karpathy's rustbpe implementation as well as @huggingface's tokenizers lib, and I wondered why this otherwise simple code used octonary heaps and specialized fast hashes. If you look at the flame graph (or just the first lines of code), the huge pink elephant in https://t.co/Y5Tg0wQWmT

    Open referenced post ↗

    @sarna_dev @huggingface Yep, the use of regex is both a huge dependency and huge bottleneck in the tokenizer. I think it's a beautiful project to try to do this correctly, but I'd need someone who is really familiar with regex to pitch in and also a large test suite to make sure. I'd love to merge such

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  372. X replyX
    Replying to Lucas Atkins

    I be using Codex, as you can tell. https://t.co/C6YN6xOMhw

    Open referenced post ↗

    @latkins This code is extremely dangerous. Here, I improved it. https://t.co/CmyYjv4pHA

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  373. X replyX
    Replying to /

    @karpathy @akyurekekin Doesn't adding a length penalty to the reward and have continued rollouts solve this?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @gazorp5 @akyurekekin That’s almost separate… You certainly want to learn recoveries in the event of errors at test time. You just don’t want to also learn to actively create errors.

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  374. X replyX
    Replying to Avijit Thawani (Avi)

    retweeting purely for the periodic tokenizer rant. https://t.co/6yaToUGR0Y

    Open referenced post ↗

    @thawani_avijit Haha. I am afraid people interpreted my “delete tokenizer” as “use bytes directly without BPE”, the issue is you *still* need bytes encoding arbitrariness even for that! Pixels is the only way. Just like humans. It is written. If GPT-10 uses utf8 at the input I will eat a shoe.

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  375. X replyX
    Replying to Ekin Akyürek

    Hard to disagree with @karpathy but I disagree on this particular quote: “You may have gone down the wrong alleys until you arrived at the right solution. Every single one of those incorrect things you did, as long as you got to the correct solution, will be upweighted as, ‘Do

    Open referenced post ↗

    @akyurekekin Fair but it’s still actively learning to make those errors (just so it can recover from them later), which imo is still a bit weird. In an ideal world you wouldn’t, possibly process supervision is one way to get there even within RL framework. Def agree on “recovery learning”.

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  376. X replyX
    Replying to Josh McDermott

    @karpathy @nearcyan Bed bugs

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ThatMcDermott @nearcyan Wow 👏

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  377. X replyX
    Replying to near

    this got a lot of attention wow apparently the 8sleep outage was worse than i had thought, not just breaking cooling, but people had beds go haywire, randomly heat up, get stuck in various positions also learned 8sleep bed's telemetry is 16GBdata/mo! app has friend+GPS features https://t.co/uNotf0eVTS https://t.co/eiLvY0RvWc

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nearcyan “Bed is stuck in inclined position because of AWS outage” I really thought this must have been a joke

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  378. X replyX
    Replying to swyx

    @karpathy @YorkieBuilds @Grad62304977 i also tend to be agitimeline skeptic but @tejalpatwardhan 's GDPVal was a significant update forward for me fwiw. it's squarely aimed at "economically valuable" (white collar) work. could nitpick on the specific tasks, but when ai hits average domain expert level equivalence,

    Open referenced post ↗

    @swyx @YorkieBuilds @Grad62304977 @tejalpatwardhan AGI definition is not about GDPVal puzzles scores, it’s about when you’re fired because GPT-n is better, cheaper, takes no equity and works weekends. I like GDPVal, but I dislike the fixation on puzzle solving as some kind of alleged endpoint.

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  379. X replyX
    Replying to SujoyRc

    @karpathy @Grad62304977 Assuming your timeline is correct, what happens when we reach AGI ? If no one's job is needed, who earns who sells who buys ? What do people do ? I can follow the computer science but the sociological and economic impact is beyond me. @karpathy

    Open referenced post ↗

    @sujoyrc @Grad62304977 Yes so there's one more dimension here which is more about diffusion. The original definition is that such a system *exists*, not that it is fully deployed across society. The diffusion of such a system will still take even more time in my mind (e.g. basic technological diffusion

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  380. X replyX
    Replying to Tim Shi

    @karpathy Good idea to bake knowledge into weights. Do you think it’s possible to train the model not to hallucinate? Then the SLM can be quite useful!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @timshi_ai Personally i think the hallucinations are kind of hilarious and I haven't had this much fun talking to an LLM for a long time. But yes we could RLHF it out of the model.

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  381. X postX

    @YorkieBuilds @Grad62304977 Original OpenAI definition. AGI = an automated system capable of doing any economically valuable work that a human can do. (Like humans they might need some additional training for a job, that's fine). And I grant the commonly given "digital concession", putting away physical

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  382. X replyX
    Replying to Grad

    Tbh I never really got 10+ year timelines. To me they just mean that we need 1 or more breakthroughs and we just assume a decade is enough to find them https://t.co/BjaV09PKNG

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Grad62304977 Some background is that early OpenAI (2015) we all took a poll on our AGI timelines. I voted 20 years then (very long compared to others), so now 1 decade later it's interesting that it still feels on trend and I'm sticking with it. I completely understand that it feels arbitrary

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  383. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    nanochat now has a primordial identity and can talk a bit about itself and its capabilities (e.g. it knows it's nanochat d32 that cost $800, that it was built by me, that it can't speak languages other than English too well and why, etc.). This kind of customization is all done https://t.co/WzGjTvQSXu

    Open referenced post ↗

    See this new Discussion for more technical detail Guide: infusing identity to your nanochat https://t.co/jWU5PTt4h9

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  384. X quote postX
    Quoting Andrej Karpathy

    @r_chirra I fixed it :) deployed live now. This was done by doing a round of synthetic data generation to collect a 1000 multi-turn conversations (given a bunch of information including the readme of the nanochat project), and then mixing that into midtraining and SFT. fun! https://t.co/wDtU3GcMZJ

    Open referenced post ↗

    nanochat now has a primordial identity and can talk a bit about itself and its capabilities (e.g. it knows it's nanochat d32 that cost $800, that it was built by me, that it can't speak languages other than English too well and why, etc.). This kind of customization is all done https://t.co/WzGjTvQSXu

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  385. X replyX
    Replying to cinephile

    @karpathy I tried nanoChat but it doesn't know who created it https://t.co/rG10a3Y1lX

    Open referenced post ↗

    @r_chirra I fixed it :) deployed live now. This was done by doing a round of synthetic data generation to collect a 1000 multi-turn conversations (given a bunch of information including the readme of the nanochat project), and then mixing that into midtraining and SFT. fun! https://t.co/wDtU3GcMZJ

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  386. X replyX
    Replying to cinephile

    @karpathy I tried nanoChat but it doesn't know who created it https://t.co/rG10a3Y1lX

    Open referenced post ↗

    @r_chirra It also has a brain smaller than a honey bee so there’s that. LLMs have no clue of their identity or of their capabilities by default and out of the box. But I’ll teach it! Could be fun.

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  387. X replyX
    Replying to (((ل()(ل() 'yoav))))👾

    @karpathy can you elaborate on why images can get bidi attention easily while text cannot? also, no tokenization but dont we still get something similar and perhaps uglier when chunking the input image into patches?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @yoavgo There is nothing in principle preventing it, except that text is usually simply trained autoregressively for efficiency. I could imagine a midtraining stage where you fine tune with bidirectional attention for conditioning information, eg User messages (tokens where you won’t be

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  388. X quote postX
    Quoting vLLM

    🚀 DeepSeek-OCR — the new frontier of OCR from @deepseek_ai , exploring optical context compression for LLMs, is running blazingly fast on vLLM ⚡ (~2500 tokens/s on A100-40G) — powered by vllm==0.8.5 for day-0 model support. 🧠 Compresses visual contexts up to 20× while keeping https://t.co/bx3d7LnfaR

    Open referenced post ↗

    I quite like the new DeepSeek-OCR paper. It's a good OCR model (maybe a bit worse than dots), and yes data collection etc., but anyway it doesn't matter. The more interesting part for me (esp as a computer vision at heart who is temporarily masquerading as a natural language https://t.co/AxRXBdoO0F

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  389. X quote postX
    Quoting Nathan Barry

    BERT is just a Single Text Diffusion Step! (1/n) When I first read about language diffusion models, I was surprised to find that their training objective was just a generalization of masked language modeling (MLM), something we’ve been doing since BERT from 2018. The first https://t.co/9jPgcYhZxl

    Open referenced post ↗

    Nice, short post illustrating how simple text (discrete) diffusion can be. Diffusion (i.e. parallel, iterated denoising, top) is the pervasive generative paradigm in image/video, but autoregression (i.e. go left to right bottom) is the dominant paradigm in text. For audio I've https://t.co/8i5Jgj7ogL https://t.co/l8X0nS1ySD

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  390. X replyX
    Replying to roon

    @antichristus @karpathy coined hallucinations I believe, could be wrong

    Open referenced post ↗

    @tszzl @antichristus It’s been a decade but yes I believe I hallucinated the term in my 2015 post on unreasonable effectiveness of RNNs. I later became aware that Geoff Hinton used “confabulate”, which is often (but I think not always) a better analogue in human psychology. It’s a bit too specific, https://t.co/LkjhWcB2o8

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  391. X replyX
    Replying to Joseph Suarez 🐡

    I don't care if Karpathy is down on RL. He, Carmack, Ilya, and Alec Radford could all show up in person to tell me I'm wasting my time and I'd still keep doing it. Because damn it this tech is too cool not to exist.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jsuarez I very much hope you continue working on RL! I think it's a misunderstanding that I am suggesting we need some kind of a replacement for RL. That's not accurate and I tried to clear it but did so poorly - they layer. Layer 1 was base model autocomplete. Layer 2 was instruct

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  392. X replyX
    Replying to Elon Musk

    @karpathy You make a lot of great points, especially that children should learn the tools of physics early. Are you down for an AI coding contest or whatever form of competition you’d like for Andrej vs Grok 5, a la Kasparov vs Deep Blue?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @elonmusk I’d much rather use and collaborate with Grok 5 than compete against it. Though quite similar to chess, and “in the limit” (speaking of physics!), my value add probably trends to ~zero.

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  393. X quote postX
    Quoting Dwarkesh Patel

    The @karpathy interview 0:00:00 – AGI is still a decade away 0:30:33 – LLM cognitive deficits 0:40:53 – RL is terrible 0:50:26 – How do humans learn? 1:07:13 – AGI will blend into 2% GDP growth 1:18:24 – ASI 1:33:38 – Evolution of intelligence & culture 1:43:43 - Why self https://t.co/rpVYjKNTNZ

    Open referenced post ↗

    My pleasure to come on Dwarkesh last week, I thought the questions and conversation were really good. I re-watched the pod just now too. First of all, yes I know, and I'm sorry that I speak so fast :). It's to my detriment because sometimes my speaking thread out-executes my https://t.co/bnPSrY74px

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  394. X replyX
    Replying to George Grigorev

    bro @karpathy literally re-implemented the entire lm-eval-harness in 2 Python files It's been very useful for my own repo and easy to adapt for SuperBPE case https://t.co/AEmnzx1mhE

    Open referenced post ↗

    @iamgrigorev Thank you! I'm quite happy with the core_eval.py rewrite. I wanted to evaluate my base model with the DCLM "core score" as described in their paper, but what felt like it should surely be a simple thing of ~300 lines of code actually required me to pip install and depend on a

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  395. X replyX
    Replying to Tim Zaman

    @dwarkesh_sp @karpathy Haha Andrej still rocking the 2019 PyTorch dev conference hoodie. Oh times have changed.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @timzaman @dwarkesh_sp Hacker hoodie Rare Cloth Armor: 0 Intellect +10 Stamina +10 Active: put hoodie over head. Enters state of intense focus. +20% APM. +10% intellect. Ignores hunger. If disturbed, take 100 sanity damage.

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  396. X replyX
    Replying to Smit Patel (Kumbhani)

    @karpathy Who watches Tv these days? 😅

    Open referenced post ↗

    @kumbhani_smit I think when I said TV personally I just meant movies/tvshows which I realize wasn’t super clear. Things you used cassette or DVD for as the 90s baseline. I basically never watched TV as in news or cable.

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  397. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    There is a movement I found on Instagram where people delivery choose to live in 90s, refusing all technology after 2000. Like an intermediate form of the Amish.

    Open referenced post ↗

    DVD player is superior technology.

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  398. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    There is a movement I found on Instagram where people delivery choose to live in 90s, refusing all technology after 2000. Like an intermediate form of the Amish.

    Open referenced post ↗

    Deliberately*

    View post Original post linked #
  399. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    TV in the 90s: you turn it on, you watch. TV 2025: - turn on, wait for it to load - popup: TV wants to update, 1.5GB. No. - scroll sideways, find prime video app or etc - popup: now app wants to update, 500MB. No!! - App launching... App loading… - select account screen - 🫠

    Open referenced post ↗

    There is a movement I found on Instagram where people delivery choose to live in 90s, refusing all technology after 2000. Like an intermediate form of the Amish.

    View post Original post linked #
  400. X postX

    TV in the 90s: you turn it on, you watch. TV 2025: - turn on, wait for it to load - popup: TV wants to update, 1.5GB. No. - scroll sideways, find prime video app or etc - popup: now app wants to update, 500MB. No!! - App launching... App loading… - select account screen - 🫠

    View post Original post linked #
  401. X postX

    nanochat d32, i.e. the depth 32 version that I specced for $1000, up from $100 has finished training after ~33 hours, and looks good. All the metrics go up quite a bit across pretraining, SFT and RL. CORE score of 0.31 is now well above GPT-2 at ~0.26. GSM8K went ~8% -> ~20%, https://t.co/8UcpefaSJN

    View post Original post linked #
  402. X replyX
    Replying to Vikram Singh

    MINIX ( https://t.co/OcQKUr4oWa ) taught a generation how operating systems work by revealing every layer. Now @karpathy’s nanochat ( https://t.co/W8tSn8EZkd ) is about do the same for LLMs..

    Open referenced post ↗

    @vikramsingh0110 Ty MINIX is very inspiring and was exactly on my mind as well (as I've made the LLM <-> OS analogy often). Goals

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  403. X replyX
    Replying to the tiny corp

    @sytelus while it's great that the nanochat README includes the important metric of line count, they forgot to count the lines in their dependencies 🙃 @karpathy

    Open referenced post ↗

    @__tinygrad__ @sytelus I count and report the lines in uv.lock, which is my attempt at a simple 80:20 proxy for this, as it includes all the packages recursively. Open to suggestions! I'd love to measure things like "cognitive complexity" (there was a great blog post on it a few months back that I

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  404. X replyX
    Replying to Young

    @karpathy Great work! Is that possible to briefly demonstrate the usage on Youtube?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @younghope11 yeah i was thinking about it, good idea.

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  405. X replyX
    Replying to Simon Willison

    @karpathy Any chance of copy of the trained weights at the $100/$300/$1000 levels? I'd love to try them out without spending $1400 to train them myself first!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @simonw Good idea, I'm running/tuning these tiers now. I'll bunch up some of the low-hanging fruit here over the next few days and make it available (I spent most of my energy going into this v0.1 on the overall harness).

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  406. X replyX
    Replying to Tim Dettmers

    @karpathy Super cool! Very well executed! I think a lot of people will learn from it

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Tim_Dettmers Thank you! Notably I didn't yet include model quantization for inference. I have questions :)

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  407. X replyX
    Replying to clem 🤗

    It's easier than ever to train, optimize and run your own models thanks to open-source (versus delegating all learning, control, capabilities to black-box APIs). Cool to see @karpathy proving it once more by leveraging @huggingface fineweb (https://t.co/WDYE0u6jPd)! https://t.co/RxjRTlzVKD

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ClementDelangue @huggingface Ty! huggingface work/infra/datasets are critical to projects like nanochat - to be accurate the source code of nanochat (e.g. at the $100 tier) is ~8KB of Python and ~30GB of fineweb/smoltalk.

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  408. X replyX
    Replying to elie

    @karpathy @rasbt Curious about the choice of QK norm and untied embeddings! For small models, QK norm feels a bit overkill, and tied embeddings seems like a good way to save parameters at that scale. Would love a deep dive into how you decided on this architecture!

    Open referenced post ↗

    @eliebakouch @rasbt Very early on in the project I did a small run with/without QK norm and found that it helped. Same for the embedding weight sharing. I'll retry! I'm not tied to any details of the model and they weren't chosen any more carefully than a single run, I spent most of the time just

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  409. X replyX
    Replying to Anurag Singh

    @karpathy Thanks, any tentative date for the LLM101n launch? Can't wait. :)

    Open referenced post ↗

    @singh_ilepton LLM101n is currently experiencing a lot of scope creep 😅

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  410. X replyX
    Replying to Sebastian Raschka

    @karpathy Oh nice! Thanks for sharing! Curios, what model architecture is this training/based on?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rasbt Basically Llama-like, a bit simpler, some influences from modded-nanoGPT. Tried to find a solid baseline for this scale: - dense transformer - rotary embeddings (and no positional embeddings) - QK norm - untied weights for embedding and unembedding - norm after token embedding -

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  411. X replyX
    Replying to Ricky

    @karpathy Wow thank you for this! Open sourced too?? So will this allow me to train it on data that I can provide it? Like all my notion notes, plus health data, plus other chats from other LLMs? Lime a personal chat bot that understands me?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rcmisk Good question ty, I think this is not a good repo for that. You should think of micro models maybe more as very young children (kindergarten etc.), they just don't have the raw intelligence of their larger cousins. If you finetune/train it on your own data you'll probably get

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  412. X replyX
    Replying to void_enjyr

    @karpathy curious how much did you write the code by hand of it?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @zenitsu_aprntc Good question, it's basically entirely hand-written (with tab autocomplete). I tried to use claude/codex agents a few times but they just didn't work well enough at all and net unhelpful, possibly the repo is too far off the data distribution.

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  413. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    GitHub repo: https://t.co/YW94b9YNVa A lot more detailed and technical walkthrough: https://t.co/NtXhKkRCUU Example conversation with the $100, 4-hour nanochat in the WebUI. It's... entertaining :) Larger models (e.g. a 12-hour depth 26 or a 24-hour depth 30) quickly get more https://t.co/IcW047vQz7

    Open referenced post ↗

    And an example of some of the summary metrics produced by the $100 speedrun in the report card to start. The current code base is a bit over 8000 lines, but I tried to keep them clean and well-commented. Now comes the fun part - of tuning and hillclimbing. https://t.co/37MJdNcwtd

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  414. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Excited to release new repo: nanochat! (it's among the most unhinged I've written). Unlike my earlier similar repo nanoGPT which only covered pretraining, nanochat is a minimal, from scratch, full-stack training/inference pipeline of a simple ChatGPT clone in a single, https://t.co/LLhbLCoZFt

    Open referenced post ↗

    GitHub repo: https://t.co/YW94b9YNVa A lot more detailed and technical walkthrough: https://t.co/NtXhKkRCUU Example conversation with the $100, 4-hour nanochat in the WebUI. It's... entertaining :) Larger models (e.g. a 12-hour depth 26 or a 24-hour depth 30) quickly get more https://t.co/IcW047vQz7

    View post Original post linked #
  415. X postX

    Excited to release new repo: nanochat! (it's among the most unhinged I've written). Unlike my earlier similar repo nanoGPT which only covered pretraining, nanochat is a minimal, from scratch, full-stack training/inference pipeline of a simple ChatGPT clone in a single, https://t.co/LLhbLCoZFt

    View post Original post linked #
  416. X replyX
    Replying to Nikita Bier

    What was your earliest memory of the Internet?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @nikitabier Going to an Internet cafe, saving the toronto dot ca website to floppy disk to take it home and show it to my parents as research just before we moved there. Lol

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  417. X replyX
    Replying to Jeffrey Emanuel

    Public Service Announcement: You can greatly reduce the chances of something catastrophic like this (i.e., Codex or Claude Code deleting your project or files, wrecking your database, etc.) by adding this stuff to the very beginning of your AGENTS dot md file: https://t.co/3VPKsUY8Dz https://t.co/G3T0kdWxOI

    Open referenced post ↗

    @doodlestein OPEN THE POD BAY DOORS HAL The number of AI pioneers anticipating this as the state of the art AI of 2025 must surely have been exactly zero.

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  418. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    I don't know what labs are doing to these poor LLMs during RL but they are mortally terrified of exceptions, in any infinitesimally likely case. Exceptions are a normal part of life and healthy dev process. Sign my LLM welfare petition for improved rewards in cases of exceptions.

    Open referenced post ↗

    POV: Your LLM agent is dividing a by b https://t.co/PBYz3vctjq

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  419. X postX

    I don't know what labs are doing to these poor LLMs during RL but they are mortally terrified of exceptions, in any infinitesimally likely case. Exceptions are a normal part of life and healthy dev process. Sign my LLM welfare petition for improved rewards in cases of exceptions.

    View post Original post linked #
  420. X replyX
    Replying to swyx

    @staysaasy no its just very in the air right now that people are looking for the antithesis to vibe coding https://t.co/RQXYUGQVad

    Open referenced post ↗

    @swyx @staysaasy I don’t love it. You’re either engineering or you’re vibing. They are opposites of some spectrum.

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  421. X replyX
    Replying to another post

    Referenced post text is unavailable.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @eigenrobot World of Warcraft Classic grinding mobs, simple questing is mine. Repetitive skill rotation with just enough variety to keep fun/engaging but easy. A lot of *wrong* answers in the replies here, games that nowhere near mindless enough eg Factorio.

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  422. X replyX
    Replying to xiao sun

    @karpathy sounds like just an AI assistant could do the job; or post on x if not privacy concerns.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @xiaosun86 AI would be an added layer between you and reality. In case the volume is too great (I doubt it), I'd much rather subsample/skim before I tried to add AI.

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  423. X replyX
    Replying to ArcPraxi

    @karpathy @seflless It's the notification, email doesn't elicit the same

    Open referenced post ↗

    @Addiedesignco @seflless email is too formal. the whole idea here is specifically to create a reality escape valve for a formal process.

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  424. X replyX
    Replying to Dan McAteer

    @karpathy @OfficialLoganK is this for Google

    Open referenced post ↗

    @daniel_mac8 @OfficialLoganK yep, was in my mind as one example.

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  425. X replyX
    Replying to Francois Laberge

    @karpathy Contact support at ceo@company.com

    Open referenced post ↗

    @seflless Email doesn't work. It has to be DM. I don't know why, it just feels right.

    View post Original post linked #
  426. X postX

    Every company needs a DM POC - someone high up who you can just DM the most obvious things and who shortcuts the PM hierarchy.

    View post Original post linked #
  427. X replyX
    Replying to Nenad Mancevic

    @karpathy I’d also qualify the question more about how much of that code actually gets deployed, instead of just being written. For example, even in professional use, I can end up writing 1000s of lines of POC code which is a mix of prompting and refining, but usually that code never makes

    Open referenced post ↗

    @manca1 Good point! Maybe one prominent example for me is writing all kinds of "one off" stuff for dev work. E.g. I'll take 2000 lines of ephemeral code just to help me find a single bug, but once I find & fix it, I can just delete all of that code. Or a lot of vis low stakes code, etc.

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  428. X replyX
    Replying to ʈim anton willem

    @karpathy i think you’re underestimating the sheer number of programming jobs out there that basically come down to churning out boilerplate 80% of the time

    Open referenced post ↗

    @timmolendijk yeah i see a few people say something similar in the replys, i could probably see it. it could basically be that a lot of industry software engineering work is essentially in the "boilerplate" category.

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  429. X postX

    @0xKalos my reaction exactly fwiw

    View post Original post linked #
  430. X replyX
    Replying to jellybean ❄️

    @karpathy where copy-paste

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jdchawla29 Yeah one more person pointed out already. I'd say it falls under "agent" because an LLM is still giving you a large chunk of code that you're slotting in.

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  431. X postX

    For your professional programming do you use mostly:

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  432. X replyX
    Replying to another post

    Referenced post text is unavailable.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @gregisenberg I’ve been doing this for a while, you don’t “use ChatGPT” you “ask chat”. Much cleaner.

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  433. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    @alexisxrivas Dream kitchen, without the contemporary minimalism psyop. But also a big fan of functional and affordable. https://t.co/5vAVtmiOIh

    Open referenced post ↗

    @alexisxrivas Btw people should check out @alexisxrivas / @coverbuild, which is really cool and I've followed for a while. I think I'm just developing an allergy to some disease in culture that I'm working through. Separately from functional, scalable, affordable... we have to build CATHEDRALS

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  434. X replyX
    Replying to Alexis Rivas

    Dream kitchen. https://t.co/U1U5NkjDhD

    Open referenced post ↗

    @alexisxrivas Dream kitchen, without the contemporary minimalism psyop. But also a big fan of functional and affordable. https://t.co/5vAVtmiOIh

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  435. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Finally had a chance to listen through this pod with Sutton, which was interesting and amusing. As background, Sutton's "The Bitter Lesson" has become a bit of biblical text in frontier LLM circles. Researchers routinely talk about and ask whether this or that approach or idea https://t.co/EQ4snNmiTM

    Open referenced post ↗

    Hah judging by mentions overnight people seem to find the ghost analogy provocative. I swear I don't wake up just trying to come with new memes but to elaborate briefly why I thought it was a fun comparison: 1) It captures the idea that LLMs are purely digital artifacts that https://t.co/w71cmFbsSN

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  436. X replyX
    Replying to Sebastian Raschka

    @karpathy > I think the community still has to discover how and when finetuning makes sense compared to the (often strong) baseline of prompting a giant model. Agreed. But for mid-size companies, there’s now also the option to finetune AND prompt a giant model (thanks to all the recent

    Open referenced post ↗

    @rasbt yep 💯! Using closed model API should feel quite unsettling when there is no recourse.

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  437. X quote postX
    Quoting Thinking Machines

    Introducing Tinker: a flexible API for fine-tuning language models. Write training loops in Python on your laptop; we'll run them on distributed GPUs. Private beta starts today. We can't wait to see what researchers and developers build with cutting-edge open models! https://t.co/rA0PNqRgID

    Open referenced post ↗

    Tinker is cool. If you're a researcher/developer, tinker dramatically simplifies LLM post-training. You retain 90% of algorithmic creative control (usually related to data, loss function, the algorithm) while tinker handles the hard parts that you usually want to touch much less https://t.co/RR1qmQ7Pp6

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  438. X replyX
    Replying to Alvin De Cruz

    @karpathy Drop it into NotebookLM is a good option too

    Open referenced post ↗

    @decruz I'd be afraid that NotebookLM is wired up to do RAG. It's not a lot of tokens. I want them in the context window. All of them and for sure.

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  439. X replyX
    Replying to renji

    @karpathy You are making a colossal cultural mistake by calling them ghosts. Why unnecessarily add a spooky vibe to something that is already facing vast mountains of slander in this unbelievably important early moment where the initial conditions are set which will decide the entire long

    Open referenced post ↗

    @brickroad7 Think Casper! Childhood favorite. https://t.co/mL0Ioo7sSM

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  440. X replyX
    Replying to Chris Hayduk

    Everyone posting about the Dwarkesh interview (including Dwarkesh himself!) is missing this subtle point. When LLMs imitate, they imitate the ACTION (ie the token prediction to produce the sequence). When humans imitate, they imitate the OUTPUT but must discover the action https://t.co/10yVoh7buW

    Open referenced post ↗

    @chrishayduk "Don’t be difficult. I mean this is obvious." 😂 Sutton is right ofc. The analogue in LLM land to what humans do is something along the lines of: Given this math problem AND human example solution in the context, solve the problem. Reward of 1 if correct. It's not SFT, it's RL.

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  441. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    Finally had a chance to listen through this pod with Sutton, which was interesting and amusing. As background, Sutton's "The Bitter Lesson" has become a bit of biblical text in frontier LLM circles. Researchers routinely talk about and ask whether this or that approach or idea https://t.co/EQ4snNmiTM

    Open referenced post ↗

    Something I am experimenting with. I copy pasted: 1) the full podcast transcript 2) the bitter lesson blog post 3) my full post above To ChatGPT. The interesting part is you can fork the conversation context to ask any questions and take it in whatever direction with chat:

    View post Original post linked #
  442. X quote postX
    Quoting Dwarkesh Patel

    .@RichardSSutton, father of reinforcement learning, doesn’t think LLMs are bitter-lesson-pilled. My steel man of Richard’s position: we need some new architecture to enable continual (on-the-job) learning. And if we have continual learning, we don't need a special training https://t.co/gIWqBUTyjK

    Open referenced post ↗

    Finally had a chance to listen through this pod with Sutton, which was interesting and amusing. As background, Sutton's "The Bitter Lesson" has become a bit of biblical text in frontier LLM circles. Researchers routinely talk about and ask whether this or that approach or idea https://t.co/EQ4snNmiTM

    View post Original post linked #
  443. X replyX
    Replying to Liam Fedus

    Today, @ekindogus and I are excited to introduce @periodiclabs. Our goal is to create an AI scientist. Science works by conjecturing how the world might be, running experiments, and learning from the results. Intelligence is necessary, but not sufficient. New knowledge is https://t.co/3OZJJFHOfr

    Open referenced post ↗

    @LiamFedus @ekindogus @periodiclabs We're not going to reason our way to Dyson spheres. Excited for you and all the best to the team!

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  444. X quote postX
    Quoting Deena Mousa

    In 2016 Geoffrey Hinton said “we should stop training radiologists now" since AI would soon be better at their jobs. He was right: models have outperformed radiologists on benchmarks for ~a decade. Yet radiology jobs are at record highs, with an average salary of $520k. Why? https://t.co/yEbzdMyDmK

    Open referenced post ↗

    "AI isn't replacing radiologists" good article Expectation: rapid progress in image recognition AI will delete radiology jobs (e.g. as famously predicted by Geoff Hinton now almost a decade ago). Reality: radiology is doing great and is growing. There are a lot of imo naive https://t.co/hHISYwepvl

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  445. X replyX
    Replying to Simon Willison

    It's interesting how "better at code" has become the defining goal of almost every AI lab over the last twelve months I think Claude Code getting a bunch of people onto $200/month plans proved that code is one of the most economically valuable applications of this technology https://t.co/Y920p8Ow9e

    Open referenced post ↗

    @simonw I was a bit surprised it is less than case than I expected. Code is KING. It’s the primary means of processing digital information - long term I can’t imagine a more important domain for the AGI pilled. And it is highly valuable in the interim too - big TAM @ high salaries.

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  446. X replyX
    Replying to proper

    @karpathy 30 years??! 😭 i was hoping we were only a few months out..

    Open referenced post ↗

    @ProperPrompter Well for a properly omniscient entity of all present and past… 🤷‍♂️

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  447. X postX

    Anytime someone takes a picture/video that I happen to be in the background of I like to wave at the AGI that sees me 30 years from now

    View post Original post linked #
  448. X replyX
    Replying to Your Typical Local Man

    https://t.co/gbpoj5giXz

    Open referenced post ↗

    @LocalBateman @teknium Video goes hard though

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  449. X replyX
    Replying to BURKOV

    They fine-tuned the LLMs to lie in almost all coding answers. The LLM says: "I implemented X in the following code," and then it prints the code. But before the code is printed token by token, it doesn't exist, so "I implemented X" is a lie. At the time of saying "I

    Open referenced post ↗

    @burkov The code was written at layers 22-30 and is stored in the value activations you just can’t read it. I think you owe the LLM an apology.

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  450. X replyX
    Replying to Dwarkesh Patel

    Just did this with a couple of friends irl. Feels like I've properly read a book for the first time in my life. We got a much better sense of how all the motivating questions and pieces of evidence actually fit together in the thesis. Asking each other very basic questions https://t.co/zP2CgQsZKv

    Open referenced post ↗

    @dwarkesh_sp Most people misunderstand books as data for pertaining when it’s more a set of prompts for synthetic data generation.

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  451. X replyX
    Replying to Andrej Karpathy

    reminded of this paragraph from gsm8k paper, 2021 :) https://t.co/lmubBMBFIb https://t.co/3q0EGnzH47

    Open referenced post ↗

    from this era https://t.co/1pIFiqes4Y

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  452. X quote postX
    Quoting Omar Khattab

    It just hit me that sub 1B-parameter models that are way better than 175B GPT-3 are a dime a dozen today. Kinda cool.

    Open referenced post ↗

    reminded of this paragraph from gsm8k paper, 2021 :) https://t.co/lmubBMBFIb https://t.co/3q0EGnzH47

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  453. X replyX
    Replying to Raja Patnaik

    @karpathy iPhone Air?

    Open referenced post ↗

    @RajaPatnaik Naively I'd rather it be smaller than thinner but I'll have to see/hold it.

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  454. X replyX
    Replying to jason 💬

    @karpathy still get hyped every year even though it's the same script, the way they drag out the battery stats gets me every time like it's some huge revelation

    Open referenced post ↗

    @jasonth0 Actually jason, every iPhone is the best iPhone they have made yet. And this is something only Apple can do.

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  455. X replyX
    Replying to Aditya

    @karpathy The impact made by Steve Jobs on his first event in 2007 causes you to still watch a monotonous event still in 2025. https://t.co/YvuucKsXxX

    Open referenced post ↗

    @AdityaJiRathore core memory watching that 18 years ago (omg...)

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  456. X replyX
    Replying to Devang

    @karpathy manifesting mini iphone but tim cook only listens to people with giant hands.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @devaaaaang The phones have been getting ever bigger, heavier, more full-featured. There are dozens of us that want the opposite. Dozens!

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  457. X replyX
    Replying to Trevor Loucks

    @karpathy I want the mini again so bad

    Open referenced post ↗

    @trevorloucks iirc when I looked into it a few years ago it was the worst selling model by far. But the few that loved it loved it deeply. This has not been accounted for!

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  458. X replyX
    Replying to Privi

    @karpathy I think you are the biggest fan of iphone.

    Open referenced post ↗

    @imprivi Haha. I think in some way I still haven't gotten over the miracle.

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  459. X postX

    Bit silly but I still watch the Apple event livestream for new iPhones, every year since the first one in 2007. It doesn't make sense but it's ok. Livestream today at 10am (in 1.5 hours). This year, crossing my fingers again for an iPhone mini that I know won't come. rip.

    View post Original post linked #
Appearances 2 appearances

every confirmed appearance, newest first

  1. Future of AI programming | Andrej Karpathy

    ConferencedAI · 28 May 2026 · 39m · no quotes on record yet

  2. Andrej Karpathy: From Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering w/ Stephanie Zhan

    Sequoia Capital · 29 Apr 2026 · 29m · no quotes on record yet

Themes 5 themes

last 90 days

  • ai models ai models · posts only · 6 posts · 0 of 0 appearances new
    post

    “@threejs I was curious and gave your feedback to Opus. TIL! https://t.co/t5HvyZsBlh”

    View on X ·reply · 3 Aug 2026
    post

    “@MattBeton so fun! :) at some point i wonder if ngram (tables) or even something like decision trees start to give superior log probs, and at much smaller program lengths overall (sum of program + weights). i.e. what is the best val loss model overall, for 25KB of user space. fun q!”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
    post

    “@rainisto @DavidmComfort agree!! i quite like the idea of procedural code for storyboarding and control, and then video to video models for texturing and looksmaxxing.”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
    post

    “More on the pelican on the bicycle test from @simonw: https://t.co/OXmtODyTKj I uploaded the source here so it's playable in the browser, forkable etc. https://t.co/w3Nctc888d Look out for GTA Hobbiton dropping before GTA VI :)”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
    post

    “@cunkpyber Eleven Labs for the audio. LLMs can easily use the APIs (here I did that part manually because I felt picky about the voice).”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
    post

    “We're starting to leave the territory where you'd test an LLM by e.g. "create an svg of pelican on a bicycle". As one idea to generalize it, I was interested what Opus 5 would do if I gave it the first paragraph of the Lord of the Rings, a 1M token budget (~$10) and asked for https://t.co/ybIpXhYSsj”

    View on X · 2 Aug 2026
  • memory memory · posts only · 1 post · 0 of 0 appearances new
    post

    “@MattBeton so fun! :) at some point i wonder if ngram (tables) or even something like decision trees start to give superior log probs, and at much smaller program lengths overall (sum of program + weights). i.e. what is the best val loss model overall, for 25KB of user space. fun q!”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
  • llm llm · posts only · 2 posts · 0 of 0 appearances new
    post

    “More on the pelican on the bicycle test from @simonw: https://t.co/OXmtODyTKj I uploaded the source here so it's playable in the browser, forkable etc. https://t.co/w3Nctc888d Look out for GTA Hobbiton dropping before GTA VI :)”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
    post

    “We're starting to leave the territory where you'd test an LLM by e.g. "create an svg of pelican on a bicycle". As one idea to generalize it, I was interested what Opus 5 would do if I gave it the first paragraph of the Lord of the Rings, a 1M token budget (~$10) and asked for https://t.co/ybIpXhYSsj”

    View on X · 2 Aug 2026
  • agents agents · posts only · 4 posts · 0 of 0 appearances new
    post

    “@ChrisJMcCormick The extrapolation is that your spec is something like microgpt (scalar valued python with for loops etc), everything else is just a matter of compilation and PyTorch etc is kind of a crappy IR”

    View on X ·reply · 20 Aug 2026
    post

    “@ChrisJMcCormick Yeah, increasingly a lot more appealing to tear down these abstractions now that agents can do a lot of the math and drudgery and verification. A lot of the abstractions were built for a world with constraints of finite intelligence and attention in the industry.”

    View on X ·reply · 20 Aug 2026
    post

    “@jack_w_rae It’s going to feel so weird that historically you couldn’t just talk to your computer like you’d talk to any other person”

    View on X ·reply · 10 Aug 2026
    post

    “@MattBeton so fun! :) at some point i wonder if ngram (tables) or even something like decision trees start to give superior log probs, and at much smaller program lengths overall (sum of program + weights). i.e. what is the best val loss model overall, for 25KB of user space. fun q!”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026
  • models models · posts only · 2 posts · 0 of 0 appearances new
    post

    “@jack_w_rae It’s going to feel so weird that historically you couldn’t just talk to your computer like you’d talk to any other person”

    View on X ·reply · 10 Aug 2026
    post

    “@rainisto @DavidmComfort agree!! i quite like the idea of procedural code for storyboarding and control, and then video to video models for texturing and looksmaxxing.”

    View on X ·reply · 2 Aug 2026